Medicine: Portfolio Tasks Essay

Portfolio toil mental faculty 1Effective claim skills atomic figure of speech 18 the sole foundation of a utilisation education.Study skills or study strategies atomic number 18 approaches applied to learning. They be generally detailed to success in school, considered essential for bring outting salutary grades, and useful for learning done with(predicate) surface ones life.Study skills be fundamental to academic competence. Effective study skills are associated with positive outcomes crosswise mul hintle academic content scopes and for diverse learners. Study skills improve the competences associated with acquiring recording, organizing, remembering and using information. These skills excessively contribute to success in twain employment and non academic settings. Studying is often an individual activity and what full give-and-take for one student with regards to study may not work for individual else. Self regulation is an important aspect of study skill s. Having the ability to conclusion set, work towards deadlines and have persistence in the subject the student is analyse volition assist achieve success. In effect good studiers are good strategy users, they know how to use a variety of purpose specific tactics, to exe bring downe them in a planned requence and monitor their use.A sufficient amount of time needs to be dedicated to analyze to achieve the best outcome. Effective study skills may too assist with issues such as confidence and organisational skills which are use in every(prenominal) day activities some students put one over notes whilst they are reading to help them image what they are reading. Others students may wish to think about as it helps students to experience and admit information. Many students find that by repeating information they retain it. There is little doubt that no two people study the same way, and it is a near certainty that what works for one someone may not work for an an some other (prenominal). The results of poor study skills are penurious time, frustration, and low or failing grades. Its your life, your time, and your future. Effective study skills moldiness be practiced in govern for you to improve. It is not enough to only when think about studying you have to actually do it, and in the help use information from what you do to get better.http//www.wikihow.com/Improve-Your-Study-Skillshttp//psychcentral.com/lib/top-10-most-effective-study-habits/000599 http//www.adprima.com/studyout.htmhttp//www.palgrave.com/skills4study/studyskills/learning/effective.asp http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Study_skillsPortfolio Task Module 2Briefly describe the importance of the interaction among the respiratory and cardiovascular t get outks in maintaining the body s internal sleep.When you breathe in air through your mouth and nose it travels to your lungs. oxygen from the air is absorbed into your simple eyestream through your lungs. Your sum be beat pumps oxygen- rich (oxygenated) pipeline through a network of crease vessels (arteries) to wanders including your organs, go acrosss and poise, all around your body. When origination reaches the capillaries in your tissues it releases oxygen, which cells use to attend to. Cells release desert products, such as deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide and water, which your telephone circuit absorbs and carries away. The used (deoxygenated) line of business then travels through your veins and back towards your content. Your heart pumps the deoxygenated seam back to your lungs, where it absorbs fresh oxygen, releases the coulomb dioxide and the cycle starts a turn over. The primary function of the respiratory formation is to supply the fund with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory scheme does this through breathing. When we breathe, we inhale oxygen and exhale degree Celsius dioxide.This exchange of gases is the respiratory outlines means of getting oxygen to the blood. Respiration is achieved through the mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, and layover. Oxygen enters the respiratory system through the mouth and the nose. The oxygen then passes through the larynx (where speech sounds are produced) and the trachea which is a supply that enters the chest cavity. In the chest cavity, the trachea splits into two weeer tubes called the bronchi. each bronchus then divides again forming the bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes lead at one time into the lungs where they divide into many smaller tubes which connect to tiny sacs called alveoli. The average braggart(a)s lungs contain about 600 million of these spongy, air-filled sacs that are contact by capillaries. The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli andthen diffuses through the capillaries into the arterial blood. Mean patch, the waste-rich blood from the veins releases its carbon dioxide into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide follows the same street out of the lu ngs when you exhale. The catchs task is to help pump the carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull the oxygen into the lungs.The diaphragm is a sheet of muscles that lies across the bottom of the chest cavity. As the diaphragm contracts and relaxes, breathing takes place. When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs. The cardiovascular system is part of the larger circulative system, which circulates silvers throughout the body. The circulative system embroils both the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system moves blood throughout the body, and the lymphatic system moves lymph, which is a clear changeful thats like to the plasma in blood. Blood contains nutrients from the foods you eat and oxygen from the air you breathe. It also contains hormones and cells that fight infection. The blood also transports waste products to versatile places that then promp tly remove the waste from the body. The parts of the cardiovascular system include the heart, which is the organ that pumps the blood, and a network of blood vesselsArteries The blood vessels that take blood away from the heart Veins Blood vessels that return blood to the heartCapillaries Very small vessels that lie between the arteries and veins The portal vein and its tributaries withstand blood from parts of the digestive system to the liver before ambit the heart. The heart is a muscular pump with four chambers inner the right and odd atria and the right and left ventricles.Those four chambers impart the heart to pump blood through the following two circulatory pathwaysSystemic circulation Takes oxygen-rich blood to the tissues and organs of the body Pulmonary circulation Takes oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood back to the heart again.1. The left ventricle of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium.2. Blood is ejected from the left v entricle into the aorta, a large artery. The ascending aorta sends blood to the upper thorax, upper extremities, neck, and head. The descending aorta sends blood to the discredit thorax, the abdomen, the pelvis, and the trim down extremities.3. The blood leaves the ascending and descending parts of the aorta and enters a networkof systemic arteries that convey to all places of the body.4. Blood passes from the smallest arteries (called arterioles) into the capillary beds. In the capillary beds, blood exchanges oxygen, nutrients, and waste products with the tissues.5. The oxygen-poor blood leaves the capillary beds via small veins (called venules) and drains into a network of systemic veins that ultimately lead to the venae cavae ( both of the two large veins leading into the heart). The superior vena cava receives blood from the upper thorax, head, neck, and upper extremities. The inferior vena cava receives blood from the lower thorax, the abdomen, the pelvis, and the lower ext remities.6. The venae cavae empty the oxygen-poor blood into the right atrium of the heart. After systemic circulation, the blood in the right atrium is depleted of oxygen, so it needs to go to the lungs to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen.The pathway from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is called pulmonary circulation, and it takes the following path1. The right ventricle receives the oxygen-depleted blood from the right atrium.2. The blood leaves the right ventricle and enters the pulmonary trunk, which splits into two pulmonary arteries.3. The pulmonary arteries lead to the lungs, where exchange of gases takes place. century dioxide is removed from the blood, and oxygen enters the blood.4. Blood leaves the lungs via the pulmonary veins.The pulmonary veins carry fresh oxygenated blood to the heart while the systemic veins carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart.5. The oxygenated blood enters the left atrium of the heart. The blood in the left atrium moves into the lef t ventricle and enters the systemic circulation.http//www.fi.edu/learn/heart/systems/respiration.htmlhttp//www.mayoclinic.com/health/circulatory-system/MM00636http//www.dummies.com/how-to/content/what-is-the-cardiovascular-system.htmlPortfolio Task Module 3When you ask a patient role to plantar flex a groundwork, what changes supervene within the muscles involved?Plantar flexure is the front man which increases the approximate 90 degree angle between the front part of the ft and the struggle, as when depressing an automobile pedal or standing on the tip toes. The movement in the oppositedirection is dorsifexion, where the dorsal part (top) of the foot is moved in a manner towards the tibia. It ocurs at the ankle. The range of accomplishment for plantation owner flexion is usually indicated in the lterature as 30 to 40 degree, but sometimes also 50 degree. The boldnesss are chiefly from the sacral spinal cord beginnings S1 and S2. Compression of S1 roots may result in rac peachicness in plantar flexion. These nerves run from the lower back to the bottom of the foot. Plantar flexion is the movement of the foot away from the body by bending the ankle.The joints in the ankle are highly involved in plantar flexion.Ankle movement is do possible by the meeting of three thrums tibia (shinbone or thole), fibula (the small bone in leg) and the talus (a large bone in foot). The end of tibiaconstitutes the inner postion of the ankle, wheareas the outer por alson of the ankle is formed by fibula. The ony bulges on either side of toe ankle are called malleoli which embolden is stability of the ankle, joints while standing or walking.Primary muscles for plantar flexion arePosterior compartment of legSuperficialGastrocnemiusSoleusPlantaris (only weak participation)DeepFlexor hallucis longusFlexor digitorum longusTibialis posteriorLateral compartment of leg (only weak participation)Fibularis longusFibularis brevishttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlantarflexionFlexion _and_extension_of_the_footPortfolio Task Module 4A patient comes in with a hot inflamed toe, how does the circulatory system contribute to this process?When kindling occurs in the toes it can be getd by a number of sources, such as gout, rheumatoid arthritis, bunions, bursitis, or ingrown toenails. toenail fervor is typically a cautionary measure that the body takes in chemical reaction to accidental injury or the presence of bacteria. This is generally a normal accompaniment and it is a part of the natural way that the body heals. It may also be incorrectly triggered by certain conditions or infirmitys. Gout, which is a emblem of arthritic condition, is one of the more common gos of toeinflammation. Symptoms of gout often incite the big toe, in which case it may be referred to as podagra. The inflammation is a result of excess uric acid building up in the toe joint. Inflammation that is caused by gout is often seen in people who are overweight, diabetic, havekidney disea se, or that are taking certain medications. Toe inflammation may also be caused by the auto resistive disease known as rheumatoid arthritis.For people with this condition, their bodys immune system attacks tissue that is healthy as opposed to opposeing to injury or bacteria. When this occurs at the toe joints, the result is inflammation. Eventually this will cause other toe problems that can lead to changes that affect a persons ability to walk and wear most types of shoes. Inflammation is at the root of the most serious complications that occur after infection and injury. But while the course of molecular events leading to microbial infection of the inflammatory condition called sepsis is fairly well chthonianstood, is some(prenominal) less clear how and why bodily injury can result in an inflammatory resolution sympathetic dangerous. The process of acute inflammation is initiated by cells already present in all tissues, mainly resident macrophages, dendritic cells, histiocyt es, Kupffer cells and mast cells.At the onset of infection, ruin or other injury, these cells are activated and release inflammatory mediators prudent for clinical signs of inflammation. Vasodilation and increased blood flow resulting causes redness (rubor) and heat gain (heat), increased permeability of blood vessels produce an exudation (output) of plasma proteins and fluid in the tissues (edema), which manifests as a swelling (tumor). Some of the released mediators such as bradykinin increased disoblige sensitivity (hyperalgesia, pain). Mediator molecules also alters the blood vessels to stick out migration of leukocytes, primarily neutrophils, outside the blood vessels (extravasation) in the tissue.Neutrophils migrate on a chemotactic gradient created by local cells to reach the site of injury. The handout of function (functio Laesa) is probably the result of a neurological reflex in repartee to pain. In addition to cell-derived mediators, several acellular biochemical ca scade systems is preformed plasma proteins act in parallel to initiate and propagate the inflammatory solution. These include the complement system activated by the bacteria, and the systems of coagulation and fibrinolysis activated by necrosis, such as a burn or trauma.Human tissues respond to trauma by a complex series of events that have in time to be fully understood. This trauma may be mechanical, thermal, photo or chemical, or brought about through allergic or autoimmune events. If blood vessels have been injure, damaged platelets will activate the clotting cascade. Damaged tissues will release chemical messengers, which start the inflammatory process. In health, sequential phases of proliferation, developing and repair of the damaged tissue follow inflammation. Blood cells and platlets, the immune system and nerves, chemical transmitters, and tissue cells such as macrophages are among the tissues and systems involved in inflammation. The molecular and cellular events durin g inflammation flow into and overlap with one with the other. Initially, neutrophils arrive, followed by macrophages, lymphocites and then fibroblasts, which lay down collagen. Epithelial cells migrate on from suffer edges over the newly laid down dermis and healing is love. mend by first intention will close over 2 5 days a wound healing by arcsecond intention will take longer, the time taken depending on the tissue area that needs to be filled in and covered. The predominance and range of mediator release will go out different types of inflammatory response to occur.The classic and clinical features of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling and pain loss of function is sometimes included in this list. These features are brought about through chemical/inflammatory mediators released from damaged tissues. The main effects of these mediators are on the blood supply, causing vasodilation (redness and heat) and increased blood vessel permeability that stop plasma proteins and immunoglobulins to pass easily into the tissues. Pressure or nerve endings from theinterstitial fluid and the effect of some inflammatory mediators such as affection P and prostaglandins cause pain.Hot inflamed toe it is might be acute or chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is by the increaced movement of plasma and leukocytes from the blood into the injured tissues. A coscade of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local vascular system, the immune system, and discordant cells within the injured tissue.Chronic inflammation leads to a progressive release in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process.The respiratory system gets the oxygen it needs and the circulatory system bring the oxygen along with many other products in the blood to the toe. The digestive system helps sustain nutrients for the toe which the blood brings as part of the circulatory system.http//lyceum.algonquincollege.com/lts/AandPResources/videos/2-4_Inflammatory.html http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp//www.researchomatic.com/ search/Role-Of-Circulatory-System-Inflammatory-Response-56305.aspx http//www.wisegeek.com/what-causes-toe-inflammation.htmPortfolio task Module 5Discuss the possible presenting symptoms after a hard demote on the leg in the area tooshie the genu.A hard knock on the leg to the area behind the knee would certainly be painful. A hard knock to the posterior of the knee could cause many symptoms, depending on the severity of the hit and how long ago it occured. The knee could be swollen or bruiced. compass of motion may be less, or painful. The person may fetter or be unable to fear weight. The kneecap could be displaced. The patient will likely complain of moderate to severe pain. Because the knee is not meant to be hyper-extended, t he person should go to an ER for X-ray or other imaging. Might be the inability to properly bend or change posture the knee. Elevate the leg. Alternate between warm moist heat and ice. To help play along the swelling is check, use an ace bandage to supportthe knee. Dont wrap so tightly that it causes indentantion in the genuflect.Area behind the knee called the popliteal forsa. The nerves most important nerve travelling throught this area is the popliteal nerve that travels to the lower leg and foot and allowing both sensation and motor strength. flaw to the popliteal nerve can cause numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness in the lower leg, ankle and foot.Vascular injury could cause a bleed from either popliteal artery or vein causing a haematoma or blood pool that could causesignificant pain in the area. The main types of injury could include well-off tissue, muscle, nerve and artery/vein , ligaments and menesci. A fur and soft tissue injury could include a mild bruise with s ome redness or brusing. Serathes may occur. If there is a deeper brainstorm and not appropriate would care, an infection could form causing a cutis and soft tissue infection known as a cellulitis. psychic trauma to the muscle could include a split of the plantaris muscle which travels throught the area of the popliteal fossa. tear of this muscle will not result in too much miscreation or motor deficits, but can cause significant pain.The hamstrings insert near the region of the popliteal fossa and could be affected as well causing pain, but unlikely deformity or decreased range of motion. Damage to the ligaments can result in severe pain and disability. The posterior cruciate ligament and the lateral ligaments the medial verifying ligament and the lateral collateral ligament commonly occur with injury during sports and can cause severe disabling pain and motor dysfunction. These are the main ligaments that allow for smooth motion during knee flexion and extension and a tear whic h occurs commonly often learns invasive surgical repair.Finally the menisci which are gristly expressions found inside the knee joint that allow for smooth movement of the bones in the leg. A meniscal tear can occur in a sportsaccident as above with the ligamentous injuries and cause significant pain and decreased range of motion at the knee. This may likewise require surgical evaluation and correction to restore function and eliminate pain. Because the knee is a complicated region and the back of it has many important structures including veins, arteries, nerves, and muscle components, a hard knock to the knee can be passing debilitating and should be avoided whenever possible. Protection of the knee with appropriate gear is critical when dangerous activities are being attempted.http//www.justanswer.com/medical/5lrvt-500-words-referenced-study-following-discuss-possible.htmlhttp//emedicine.medscape.com/ term/826792-clinicalPortfolio Task Module 6Write a proparly referenced essa y on the manipulation and management of a patient with corn whiskysWhen we walk or stand or body weigh is carried first on the heel and then on the ball of the foot where the skin is thicker to withstand the pressure. When this pressure becomes intense, growth in the form of corns and callus may bet. Corns always occur over a bony prominence, such as a joint.A corn is a small areas of hard skin, roughly round in shape, which press into the skin. They are often found over high-pressure areas of the foot.There are fivesome different types of corns. The two most common are hard and soft corns. Hard corns the most common and appears as small, concentrated areas of hard skin up to the size of a small pea, usually within a wider area of changeed skin or callous, and can be symptoms of feet or toes not functioning properly.Soft corns develop in a similar way to hard corns. They are whitish and rubbery in texture, and appear between toes, where the skin is moist fromsweat or from inad equate modifying. A chiropodist will be able to reduce the bulk of the corns and apply antringents to cut down on sweatretentionbetween the toes.If a corn is left untreated it will become painful. A corn will not get better on its own unless the pressure that originally caused the corn is removed. If the cause is not removed then the skin will continue to thicken and become more painful.After some time the body may treat the corn as a foreign body and an ulceration or abscess could develop. These can be serious, e limitedly if they become infected. Infection is a very serious complication for individuals with diabetes, poor circulation and peripheral neuropathy. There are many over the counter corn remedies and plasters that are readily available. These, however, do not treat the cause of the corn and can be uncivilised in many individuals such as those with diabetes, poor circulation, frail skin etc.Podiatric management of corns at Podiatry includesa thorough sagacity to deter mine the cause of the cornimplementation of a management / treatment planManagement plans for the treatment of corns commonly consist of maintenance appointments to keep the corn reduceduse of padding to prevent the pressurefootgear fitting adviceprovision of foot orthotics or supports to relieve the pressure under the foot surgical correction of the bony prominence that may be causing the high pressure areaMost corns and calleures gradually fell when the friction or preassure stops, although sterilize (cheropodist) may shave the top of a calleus to reduce the thickners. Properly positionece moleskin pads can help relieve pressure on a corn. There are also special corn and callus removal liquids and plasters, usually containing saliaytic acid, but there are not suited everyone. Oral antibiotics generally clear up infected corns, but pus may have to be drained through a small incision.Moisturising figure outs may help the skin and remove cracked callures. Apply the misturiing cr eam to the callus and cover the area for 30-60 minutes with aplastic ravisher or a rock. Than gently rub off as much of the callus as you can with a worm towel or soft brush. Using the pumice stone first to rub off a dead skin from a callus after a bath or shower and talk applying moisturaising cream can also be effective.There are also stronger creams containing urea that might be more effective, but do not use these unless recommended by doctor or cheropodist.May consider surgery to remove a planter callus, but there are no guarantees that the callus will not come back. A conservative approach is best initially. Keep your feet dry and friction free. Wear proparly fitted shoes and cotton socks, rather then sheepskin or synthetic fibres that might irritate the skin. If a podiatrist thinks your corn or callus i caused by abnormal foot structure your walking motion or hip rotation, orthopaedic shoe inserts or surgery to correct foot deformitie may help correct the problem. When com plete reduction of the corn is achievied than 25% or 50% silver treat solution may be applied.Example of products that can be used to treat corns and callus includespecial rehydratation creams for thickened skinprotective corn plasterscustomosed soft padding or form bubbles insolessmall foam wedges that are placed between the toes to help relieve soft cornsspecial silicone wedges that change the position of your toes or redistribute pressure.http//www.manchesterpodiatry.co.uk/chiropody/corns.htmlhttp//emedicine.medscape.com/article/1089807-treatment