William Penn and the Quakers :: essays research papers

William Penn and the QuakersThe Quakers, in like manner known as the Society of Friends was religious group that founded pascal. William Penn, one of the leaders, worked with the Quakers, Indians and the early(a) population to make an ideal world for him, his followers, and the other people in his environment. With his efforts, and the help of others, the Quakers left a huge impact on Pennsylvania and the entire nation. The Quakers are a holiness that originated in England in disagree of the Anglican Churchs practices. The man in charge of this religious revolution was George Fox.1 He believed that immortal didnt live in churches as lots as he lived in peoples hearts.2 In that state of mind, he went out into the world in search of his true godliness. He argued with priests, slept in fields, and spent days and nights act to find followers. His first followers were mostly young people and women. besides freedom of religion, they wanted freedom of speech, worship and assembly, refusal to go to war or take oath, and equality of the sexes and social classes.3 In England, between the years of 1650 and 1700, more(prenominal) than 15,000 Quakers were fined and/or imprisoned 366 were killed.4 The reason why the Quakers were put through such torture was because their beliefs and culture was different from the Anglican Church. At that time, any religion that was practiced in England other than the Anglican Church would be persecuted. They believed that religion shouldnt be practiced in a church as much as in your heart. The differences that were between the Quakers and the Anglican Christians was that the Anglicans practiced strict athletic field in their prayers. They would go to prayer every morning, and ask for forgiveness of their sins. They believed that the inspirational authority was the Bible, the only way to make your way to heaven was to go to sermon they should glorify God in the world and pay no attention to the irrationality of God. They didnt be lieve men could achieve anything for themselves only God could do that. The Quakers, on the other hand, believed that God should be in your spirit, non in sermon, and that your sacred authority shouldnt be a book, it should be your cozy light, the force that drives you through you life. They believed you shouldnt be servants of God, but to be friends of God.

Is Jesus God

Is savior God? Have you ever met a man who is the center of circumspection wherever he goes? Some mysterious, indefinable characteristic sets him apart from each some other men. Well, thats the way it was two thousand years ago with savior savior. But it wasnt merely Jesus personality that captivated those who heard him. Those who witnessed his words and livelihood tell us that something nearly Jesus of Nazareth was different from all other men. Jesus only credentials were himself. He never wrote a book, commanded an rmy, held a policy-making office, or owned property.He mostly traveled within a snow miles of his village, attracting crowds who were amazed at his provocative words and stunning deeds. Yet Jesus importance was obvious to all those who saw and heard him. And dapple most corking people eventually fade into history books, Jesus is still the concentre of thousands of books and unparalleled media controversy. And much of that controversy revolves around the rad ical claims Jesus make about himselfclaims that astounded both his followers and his adversaries.It was primarily Jesus unique claims that caused him to be viewed as a threat by both the Roman authorities and the Jewish hierarchy. Although he was an outsider with no credentials or political powerbase, within three years, Jesus changed the world for the next 20 centuries. other moral and religious leaders have left an impact further nothing like that unknown carpenters son from Nazareth. What was it about Jesus Christ that made the difference? Was he merely a salient man, or something more? These questions get to the heart of who Jesus heartyly was.Some turn over he was merely a great moral teacher others believe he was simply the leader of the worlds superior religion. But many believe something furthest more. Christians believe that God has actually visited us in human form. And they believe the evidence backs that up. After carefully examining Jesus life and words, former Cambridge professor and skeptic, C. S. Lewis, came to a startling conclusion about him that altered the course of his life. So who is the real Jesus? Many will answer that Jesus was a great moral teacher.As we take a deeper look at the worlds most controversial person, we begin by asking could Jesus have been merely a great moral teacher? Great Moral Teacher? redden those from other religions acknowledge that Jesus was a great moral teacher. Indian leader, Mahatma Gandhi, spoke highly of Jesus righteous life and profound words. l Likewise, Jewish learner Joseph Klausner wrote, It is universally admitted that Christ taught the purest and sublimest ethics which throws the moral precepts and maxims of the wisest men of antiquity remote into the shade. 2 JesusSermon on the Mount has been called the most superlative teaching of human ethics ever uttered by an individual. In fact, much of what we know immediately as equal rights actually is the result of Jesus teaching. Historian Wil l Durant, a non-Christian, said of Jesus that he lived and struggled unremittingly for equal rights in modern times he would have been sent to Siberia. He that is greatest among you, let him be your Gandhi, have tried to separate Jesus teaching on ethics from his claims about himself, believing that he was simply a great man who taught marvellous moral principles.This was the approach of one of Americas Founding Fathers, President Thomas Jefferson, who concentrate and pasted a copy of the New Testament, removing sections he thought referred to Jesus deity, while leaving in other passages regarding Jesus ethical and moral teaching. 4 Jefferson carried around his write out and pasted New Testament with him, revering Jesus as perhaps the greatest moral teacher of all time. In fact, Jeffersons memorable words in the Declaration of Independence were rooted in Jesus teaching that

Diverse Communication and Classroom Management Essay

For principle to be successful at each given stage, in that appraise should be an stiff management of the cliqueroom. This preserve be d unrivaled by dint of planting reward for the diversity that exists in the categoryroom situation. Diversity entails physical attributes, beliefs, gender, ethnic and ethnic priming coat, styles of conveying and age among separates (Dowdy & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Delpit, 2008). The parley in the classroom place is as well as of immense importance because by it, the students argon able to glide by out to the instructor and their peers date the instructor base be able to deliver the content in a manner that the check intoers forget fetch easy to follow.This c all in alls for the incorporation of in force(p) management skills and promotion of agreeable talk in class (Kassem, 2004). Respect fecal matter just be achieved if the instructor and the students communicate well and avoid dispensation of prejudicial mater ials (Snow & ampere Fillmore, 1999). In increment to this, there should be nigh connections among the instructor and the students individually so as to enhance catching of the tinctureings and personality of the students (Dowdy & Delpit, 2008). The traffichip among what is learnt and their application to the daily lives is paramount in eliciting excitement and the en theniasm to learn among the students.This paper looks in depth at these kernel(a) get outs that go into devising the process of commandment and learning a success. The evaluation of these factors adjudge been based of the fieldwork activities d whiz by Ulrich, which are a wiz-on-one take on with the learners and outside the classroom and the make of connections by the new teacher entree There are a myriad of challenges in the classroom that a teacher faces due to the divers(a) nature of many domesticates today (Snow & Fillmore, 1999). The number of students has increased and issues pertaining to gender and disability are rife in many rails.Communication therefore becomes a vital component of the teachers day to day teaching activities as well as the learning that takes place in the classroom (Kassem, 2004). The teacher has to recognize and arousevas the refinements that the learners come from so as non to appear or be prejudicial and thus affect the smooth learning process, an issue that vexs communication in such diverse classrooms to be challenging (Snow & Fillmore, 1999). The distinguishable kitchen-gardenings of the teachers may overly prove to be an influence on the communication in the classroom thus affecting the manner in which the teacher has to deliver his/ her content.Promotion of positive behavior in students and achievement of good imparts are only possible if there is efficacy on the part of the teacher which is a constituent of good management in the classroom (Cummings, 2004). Generally, the concretems of classroom management include the m anagement of content, the conduct, and management of the covenant in the midst of the teacher and the students. Management of the content entails the skills that spans all activities and subjects taught in the class while conduct management entails the beliefs appertaining to throngs nature.The knowledge of peoples diversity should be integrated with some philosophies of instruction so that teachers can look at a more effective and better modal honour of handling their classrooms (Cummings, 2004). Management of the covenant amongst the teacher and the students regards classroom as a system that is social in nature and that the roles of the teacher and the students do signifier the teaching- learning milieu but is assured by the culture at bottom which the civilize is instal(Dowdy & Delpit, 2008). This calls for close kind between the residential area and the school so that the school can be dynamic copious to cope with the dynamic take ups of the baseball club. For a school to be qualitative, the effectivity of the teacher and the achievement of the student must be enhanced through the creation and strengthening of interpersonal skills for instance as seen in Ulrichs journal entries. The learner has to feel wanted and treated as an important person.Central to this is communication between the teacher and the students such that in slip-up of errant behavior, there should be an agreement on how the penalty can be meted, twain the student and the teacher can solve it or the whole class can participate in deciding what punishment befits a given misbehavior (Kassem, 2004). This helps in the building of trust between the teacher and the students since the teacher cannot now assume a supervisory role but the learners become individually responsible for their own actions.Importance of diction and identity in the classroom Perceptions of a given nomenclature or given run-ins and how such perceptions affect the classroom situation is of esse nce to the teacher as expounded by Dowdy & Delpit (2008) who say that the visibility of a language is just like the visibility of someones scrape up color. Dowdy & Delpit say that the judgment of a persons intelligence, class and status can be based on their language. Those who express slopees other than the standard or other languages other than English are treated as being inferior.In the classroom, language and what it contributes towards identity is real important and the way to address the problem of inadequacy in ones beliefs and attitudes is by letting them know that they are not scant(p) but just opposite from the rest (Dowdy & Delpit, 2008). Students need this twat of cost increase since without confidence in themselves and their apparent lack of acceptance leap their performance in studies. The outdo way to go somewhat this is by incorporating language studies in the curricula which will thus make the students appreciate the diverse languages that might be found in the classroom situation.The students home languages should also not be negatively referred to because it will tend to make them get rid of all that the school offers (Dowdy & Delpit 2008). The assertions made by Dowdy & Delpit imply that language marks the culture from which a student comes from. It nevertheless highlights the cognitive and socio- economic position that the student hails from and that the acquisition of the language considered to be of post may help the learner acquires a better social and economic standing.However, the urge to learn a new language is all at heart the feeling of the student. Whether he/ she learns a new language depends on him / her and not the teacher. This calls for student-centered approach to appeal to the needs of the learner as opposed to the teacher centered approach which the student may find very unpopular and fail to co-operate. The teacher must be ready to induct the learners in understanding the culture that accomp any a target language that he/she wants them to understand because language is a microcosm peoples culture.If it is English language that they are being introduced to, then the home-used, formal and the affairal forms must be made known to them (Kassem, 2004). Dowdy & Delpit further indicate that there is a clear connection that between identity, race, school success and the language a student speaks. Students of Englishes other than the standard English for example closely African Americans have a different view of themselves. Their dilects may one time or another make their teachers, peers or other people in th community to make judgements on their academic capabilities.These keeprs found out that Afro-American kids do not switch their codes as advantageously as the others when they enter different environments that admit the use of formal or professional language and the teachers have to learn to accept their culture and, through acceptance, these kids will learn to code- switch as easily as other students not from different cultural soil. Importance of devising connections Research has established that those teachers who show acceptance, support and finagle to the students are essential in the students learning for they occupy more or less an enabling learning environment.The basic aim of the school as argued by Noddings (1994) is to grow and nurture people who are caring, loving, competent and lovable. Students will only be able to care for themselves and others only if they are cared for. Those teachers who know how to care are good in establishing good relations with the students although caring and making good relations are two different things for caring relations involve an element of mutual understanding and exchange of feelings that result to making of connections thus bringing some bonding between the student and the teacher.To make connections can be very hard since both parties must learn how to accept each others weaknesses and at the same time learning must take place. Most curricula in teacher training do not provide for how to facilitate good relationships between the teacher and the student. There is no provision for interpersonal relationship skills in the curricula making it hard for teachers to advance good relations with the students.Teachers who learn how to replenish their emotions have been found to be enduring even as many leave the teaching profession because of the inability to create enabling environment for student-teacher relationship (Noddings 1994). Generally, caring whole caboodle in an intrinsic manner so as to establish the chastise emotions which in turn make the children to appreciate the content in the scoop up way possible. How do we create the intelligence arising from correct student emotions and how can teachers be more caring so as to develop the sort out emotions consequently intelligence in their pupils?Drawing from Gruwells example, classroom management, which involves building the right emotions, is not all about seniority in class level and nevery is it about handling the best or intelligent learners. Gruwell was given the less gifted ninth graders making the school that she taught to have some racial boundaries whereby the group that was favored was recognized and the other students go away out. The dumber kids were looked down upon by both the teachers and the parents of the students who were gifted.The less gifted learners tended to be left-hand(a) out even in matters of great importance like opening to some resource materials as seen in Gruwells case whereby she had to steal some copies of books herself (Gruwell, 2007). Students also need to have a connection between what they learn and their daily lives that is what they learn should have a connection with their real lives. They have to get what they are learning authority to them, how it relates to them presently or indirectly (Gruwell, 2007). Information has to be given to them as carefully as possible so as to arouse some interest in them.In the journal entries in the fieldwork by Ulrich, the filing in of the students on the robot activity by the students (Engineering) made the students get excited about the idea. Their going to the geology department made them see things in a different light via practical melting of rocks and so forth. This reinforces the point that information which comes about due to communication is vital in changing the attitudes of the learners and thus making the teaching-learning experience enjoyable to both the teachers and the students.It is important to know the cultural background of the students because it might explain their personalities and thus make the teacher attend to them in a better manner (Lomawaima & McCarthy, 2006). If for instance the learners are asked to write about their families, they are likely to write that which makes them dull or dangerous and so on, based on their expectations, feelings and memories. Fr om such, writings, the teacher is able to draw an informed idea on why the students act the way they do which in the long run helps the teacher to assist the learner in the best way possible and help them improve their performance.Building valuate in the classroom Respect means a lot to learners at all stages for they all want to be treated by others including teachers just as they would want the students to treat them. Teachers need to know that how they treat their students is exactly how the students will portray their attitudes towards them. This includes being nice to them, treating them equally, avoiding degrading remarks, being gentle and polite, civil and minding ones own business.The behavior exuded by the teacher is directly proportional to the respect they are accorded as can be seen in Shobes journal (Lomawaima & McCarthy, 2006) on correctional education. Musicians were not identify as being respected by any students from any culture perhaps because of their dressin g and other mannerisms while such people as the teachers, parents and nannies were cited as the most respected by varied student. This is the direct result of love and respect that the identified persons showered on the students in sum to the encouragement they gave them in their academics.Encouraging respect can thus be tell to be a very important endeavor so as to have an orderly classroom environment. It is the main ingredient in creating an environment in which the learner does not feel threatened but do to explore their academics to the highest levels. The learners must respect other learners and the teacher so as to enable progressive learning to take place. This is part of the realm of teaching as opposed to academic work alone because some learners may have the problem of not showing respect to others but do want to be respected by others.This demands teaching of the right way to expect respect from other learners as well as the school community (Gonzalez, 2001). Respect of individual students also entails making them feel certain despite their differences from the rest. They should be taught that their unique attributes give them an opportunity to contribute what is of value in a special way, a way only resourceful of being exploited by their kind alone. Many students go to school knowing too well what they want to achieve in their academics meaning that teachers are just but helpers in making them realize their dreams (Gonzalez, 2001).This means that they already have some attitudes as they enter the school either from other schools or from home. Some do not like the school because of waking up early, others do not like academics and some do not like teachers who are not helpful in their teaching especially where they have not understood. This calls for the teachers intervention in matters pertaining respect to the students who will find it easier to listen to what they are being taught. They should feel respected which will make them want to le arn that which their respectful teacher requires of them.In a diverse classroom situation, building respect can be achieved through literary studies that purpose to bridge the cultural faulting among the students and between them and the teacher (Dowdy & Delpit, 2008). English teachers get most challenging moments in choosing the literary materials that are incorporative for a trusting, and respectful classroom environment is possible if only the teacher regards the different cultures in the classroom setting. There should be literary materials that offer different kinds of protagonists who reflect the society and appreciate other cultures while preserving some of the ideals from their cultures.Students self-esteem is increased if the writings selected represents varied cultures and that this literature must be taught with acceptance and respect without any form of prejudice. Realistic goals must be set and discussed in the class based on thorough and informed research on the s tudents cultural beliefs which might be of influence to their behavior for instance where some cultures require learners to listen to teachings and not air their views (Cummings, 2000).In this way, the teacher will be able to establish the reason for the students laid back attitude and not treat it as impudence which might jeopardize their mutual respect. The teacher, in an environment like this, cannot achieve the objective with ease because he/she has to bring the student to accept that their opinions are valued and anticipated whether correct or wrong. Literature with implicit cultural material for instance pronunciation of the students call in correct way and leading the whole class to accept such pronunciations is the inception of respect in that class.In addition to this, the learners should not be asked to voice the opinions or beliefs of their race, culture or gender because there might be some stereotypes that will be raised thus affecting the classroom balance (Noddings, 2004). Should there be a need to speak of other cultures the students need to be taught how to respond to such culture-sensitive topics so as to be devoid of stereotypes. Different modes of teaching should be follow for literature with diverse cultural content because the students who are diverse understand the subject of discussion using different modes.They can be put as individuals or in groups so as to create an synergetic environment, told to write on diverse cultural matters and so forth. The use of non-standard English texts which are full of idioms, slang, and so on present challenges to students from diverse background and the teacher therefore needs to avoid them at all cost since the students may feel that their needs have not been respected hence may show unruly behavior towards the teacher (Kassem, 2004).In addition to this, more than one mode of teaching especially literary materials should be adopted since students from diverse cultures may not full read then respo nd to some literally materials selected. Other ways to improve respect in class include not over-using example from one culture or gender as well as making the guess that those quiet students do not learn for among the Asians, for instance, keeping silent is a shows respect.Humor that can be subject to a variety of interpretations should be avoided by the teacher and/ or the students because it might not be interpreted lightly by others thus putting the classroom managers respect in a questionable stand (Cummings, 2000). The study of literary materials is vital for showing the richness of the cultures from which the learners hail. Such materials should be carefully elect so as not to embarrass or isolate some learners from others and worse still put them in doubt of the respect that the teacher and the other learners accord them and their culture.This will in turn define the respect they wish to give back to their fellow students and the teacher. Conclusion From the evaluation of t he requisites for an effective teaching learning process shown in this paper, it is worth concluding that the relationship between the teacher and the learners need to be as warm as possible. The caring and loving attitude, which brings terrific results, should be adopted by teachers. They should also enhance acceptance of the diversity in the classroom by other students so as to build lasting friendships and avoid disrespect which has far-reaching consequences of both teaching and learning.Stereotypical materials and too much focus on one culture, gender, race or individual is detrimental to effective classroom management.ReferencesCummings, C. (2000) classroom Management Strategies Baltimore Alexandria press Dowdy & Delpit (2008) The Skin that We Speak bracing York New press Gonzalez, N. (2001) I am my Language Tucson Arizona University Press Gruwell, E (2007) Teaching with your Heart New York Harvard Kassem, C. L (2004) How to Develop a Caring Teacher New Jersey, Mahwah Publ ishers Lomawaima, T & McCarthy, L. T (2006) To sojourn an Indian New York Teachers College Press,

Archetypes Case Study Essay

1. Which be the archetypes does Verbeke distinguish? Draw the figures associated with these archetypes. Verbeke distguish between 4 types of archetypes and they atomic number 18 the following centralise exporter Home demesne managed degenerate. Firm detail reinforcement in its closing products. Standardized products manufactured at interior(a). Only the transferable pissed peculiar(prenominal) proceedss atomic number 18 taken to the host inelegant, concocting that they try to make exporting conquestful in external market places. No shootment of kettle of fish point of accumulation firm particular proposition advantages. global projector Cl nonpargonils home operations into host countries. acquaintance found firm item advantages atomic number 18 replicated from home realm. Only the outside(a)ly transferable firm limited advantages are taken to the host body politic. No development of kettle of fish bound firms specialised advantages. The world(prenomin al) projector MNE seeks foreign expansion by projecting its home country achievement rules ab course.International coordinator Its main firm particular(prenominal) advantage is that it cigarette form fixture advantages (e.g., production capacity to access abundant natural resources) resign in multiple countries. International operations are specialized in particularized value-added activities across b baseball clubs. Use internation entirelyy transferable firm specific advantages in each host country to develop location-bound firm specific advantages that burst the host country location factors.Multi-centered MNE Each host county develops suffer location bound firm specific advantages, alone transfers stub routines (e.g., pecuniary management). A set of entrepreneurial subsidiaries go abroad, to acquire knowledge for futurity firm specific advantage development. Local adaptation is the foundation of the multinational strategy.2. Is there one best model? Why or where fore non?There is no best model beca physical exertion these models all be on the firm specific advantages that an organization has its power on, and as well as on the host countries appeal for business. Firm specific advantages in the home country can be a conquest, but the question is if those firm specific advantages are also a success in the host country?3. Do you consider a centralized exporter a true transnational?A centralized exporter can be a true multinational if it derives a quarter of its revenue from operations outside of its home country and also if it operates in incompatible host countries, and its managed by a aggregate headquarter in the home country. Warner Bros. Pictures, a major US campaign get a line studio is a multinational which is operational through exporting its motion pictures. Most of its revenue is attained from its exports and of course from its home country the US.4. What does it mean that the FSA is embodied in the product in case of an international projector?A product that has embodied a firm specific advantage substance that the product contains in it a feature that makes the company with hugeer success than its former competitors. This firm specific advantage can non be seen as a stand-alone component in the organization, in order to leverage success it can only be seen as a firm specific advantage within its final product. So this firm specific advantage is not from its operations such as great employee relationship, but only through the final product. This is seen in the centralized exporter. In the international projector this is not the case because they replicate their firm specific advantages to go abroad and use them, such as an advanced technology or secret recipe like Coca cola has one. A advanced exemplification is Ford, which cloned its American operations into Canada and Europe. Europe was a challenge for Ford due to a unspecificspread prejudice against American cars sold in Europe.5. Does the firm develop FSAs in the host country in case of the international projector?No the firm which uses the archetype of international projector as a strategy does not develop firm specific advantages in the host country, what thisorganization do is cloning their home country firm specific advantages to the host countries, so in some early(a)wise words just using success firm specific advantages from home country to the host country.6. Why is the international coordinator an deterrent example of global value chain?The international coordinator archetype is an example of global value chain because it can coordinate different location advantage operations in a wide variety of different geographies in the same period. Global value chains now contain activities that are tightly integrated. This promoter that firms and workers in widely separated locations affect one another more than they have in the past. So for example BP an international coordinator, when there where oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico, it suddenly affected all other BP operations, because their branding image was looked in a worse way, decrease its organization reputation.7. Why is a multi-centered MNE characterized by maximum local responsiveness?A multi-centered MNE is characterized by maximum local responsiveness because the foundation of a multi-centered archetype is local adaptation. This local responsiveness is evaluated and analyzed by different entrepreneurial subsidiaries from the organization that go abroad, so that new firm specific advantages can be developed. This newly firm specific advantage in the host country will conform with its host customers and through those means a good local adaptation can be attained.8. The FSA is also framed in term of core competences. That is the FSA is strongly related to the core competences of a firm. What key characteristics does Verbeke list for these core competences?There are 4 key characteristics of core competences Be difficult for competi tors to imitate in ground of achieving the required internal coordination and learning. Provide potential access to a wide variety of markets Make a significant contribution to customer needs. The privation of a core competence would have an important negative make on the firms present and future performance, in terms of value creation.9. What critique does Verbeke have on the concept of core competences? center competencies are the companys most important FSAs its vital routines and recombination abilities. Recombination abilities are Locating resources, especially knowledge, as response to differences between national and international environments, and to satisfy new stakeholders demands. Verbeke has a few critiques regarding the concept of core competences and they are the following Core competences of organizations in industries may differ. Prahalad & Hamel dont include country factors in their analysis. Their theory overestimates the role of strategic management. strate gic management role is to develop strategic architecture. Develop a road map for the future which identifies core competencies to build the required technologies. In the other side their theory underestimates the role of host country location factors. some other critique from Verbeke is that core competences are historically driven.10. What are the five forces doorkeeper distinguishes? Explain these in your own words. The five forces Porter distinguishes is about how location advantages that affect firm competitiveness and firm specific advantage development. -Factor conditions This is a force which is related to production factors such as capital, labor, infrastructure, scientific knowledge, technology. It gives improvement to problematic issues through innovation and continuous learning. A good example from the book is In case of Japan, firms in several industries such as steel, shipbuilding and automobiles developed technological and design expertise to overcome a need of natu ral resources and the just-in-time production make for was pioneered in response to lack of affordable warehousing space. -Demand conditions If customers enlarge their demand increasing external pressures to firms, and then it gives the firm a good competitive advantage. So in order to gain this demand to customers the firm has to bring out and respond to the customer sophistication by adapting its technology and design features.This is good for future global expansion, because the firm already gains early insights into future needs of customers or in other words buyer sophistication. -Related and supported industries High quality home based suppliers which have great insight into international competition. These suppliers with good know how innovate through more efficient inputs, and spill knowledge between other suppliers within the firm through exchange of ideas, and different ways of communication. This is great for international competition. -Firm strategy, industry st ructure and rivalry Domestic rivalry is good for international competitiveness. This forces firms to focus on firm specific advantages development beyond their home location advantages. This helps the firm become an international rival. So this is a well-functioning industry. -Government and chance Luck plays a role, for example, a lucky innovation process that was coincidentally created and a valuable product with good technology or process knowledge was attained. This is often a long-term consequence. Government are the general governments of which are not corrupt.11. How does Porters model fit in figure 1.2? Where does it belong?Porters fit model fit in figure 1.2 because the model is all about how to use location advantages to increase competition and force its firm to develop a firm specific advantage in order to go across the international ricochet and use it as a competitive advantage abroad. This firm specific advantage can get them access into the development of a location bound firm specific advantage across borders. I hark back Porters model fits in the location advantages section at home country triangle and then it moves across to all the other host sections match to its force.12. What is the big problem of Porters model when applied in the context of international business?Each industry has its own characteristics leading to different patterns of international competitiveness. According to Verbekes critique, firm specific advantages are home market determined, and Porters model has too much focus on the home market. In international business you need to take account both markets, so the home market as well as the host country. International business is about how to succeed abroad, and only having emphasis on the home market that is not very attainable. Firms only go abroad if they can establish a match between their firm specific advantages and the location advantages to the host markets.

Bread Riots as a cause of the French Revolution Essay

Thomas Paines Rights of Man banned Paine condemned in ab directia (he is in France) for high treason. The British government, headed by Prime Minister Pitt, begins to check-out procedure any angiotensin converting enzyme publishing anything criticizing the government. William Godwin publishes Political Justice, a huge philosophical tract that argues Paines case from a theoretical point of view. Godwin is non impris stard by and large because his books price (forty times the price of Paines) means it is not read by the wrong people. Wordsworth writes the Letter to the Bishop of Llandaff, in which he declares himself one of those odious people cal conduct democrats, but never publishes it (likely because he feared prosecution). 1793 also sees the characterization of the Traitorous Correspondence Bill, which empowered the state to open and read the magnificent Mail.While some nippers could at least hope that they would grow seemly grain to cover the money owed to their landlords a nd the government and provide food for their family, the urban poor who, if not unemployed, overworked primarily in factories and shopswere dependent on the affordability and availableness of pre-baked bread. In the summer of 1787, a four-pound loaf, both of which were required daily to hunt a family of four, cost eight sous. Due in large actuate to poor weather and low crop yields, by February 1789 the price had most doubled to fifteen sous. In his book Citizens A Chronicle of the French Revolution, Simon Schama notes The average daily wage of a manual laborer was between twenty and thirty sous, of a journeyman mason at most forty.The stunt man of bread pricesand of firewoodspelled destitution. urban workers, especially those in Paris, started to protest the price of bread. When two Parisian manufacturers, Rveillon and Henriot, suggested in late April 1789 that the distribution of bread should be deregulated, thereby lowering prices and reducing both wages and costs of produ ction, riots ensued. Laborersnot only those who worked for bakerstook violent action against Rveillon and Henriot because they feared that other employers would use decreased bread prices as an excuse to cut their sustain workers wages.For some women, however, gathering together to discuss politics with leading philosophers or writing revolutionist pamphlets was hardly practical. To the poorer women in Paris, access to affordable bread was the most beta full. In October 1789 a large group of poor women marched to Versailles, the royal castling situated twelve miles beyond the capital, to demand bread, as supplies were particular deep down the city. Upon reaching the palace, a small delegation of women was granted an audience with power Louis XVI. The women eventually convinced the monarch to sign decrees agreeing to provide Paris with qualified stores of affordable bread.The modest gains by the urban poor also turn out short-lived. The decade-long revolution, which co incided with several wars against European foes, wracked Frances already vulnerable economy. Affordable foodstuffs act to be a problem for urban families. Despite the riots and the efforts of the Convention to batten adequate provisions for the urban poor, the high cost of bread remained a problem. In 1792 hoarding caused a rise in the cost of sugar. Levy, Applewhite, and Johnson explain, Speculators hoarded gigantic stores of colonial products such as sugar, coffee, and tea in expectation of next profits from depleted sup- plies. Concerns over unequal allocations of eggs and butter led to riots in 1793. Urban workers lost the economic power they had gained when the National multitude passed the Le Chapelier law in 1791, which prohibited all workers coalitions and assemblies. A phratry 1793 law placed limits on wages. Freedom from hunger and want had been the right sought most fervently by the urban poor, but it was a right they were unable to enjoy.For peasants, change came swiftly and violently. In July 1789 France was wracked by what became cognise as the Great Fear. On the fourteenth of that month, a riot at the Bastille, a Paris prison and armory, had resulted in the death of more than one hundred people. The riot began when the citizens of Parisfearful that troops recently sent to the city by King Louis XVI might decide to bang the populacebegan collecting weapons at the Bastille. Similar uprisings against the government followed. Rural citizens began earreach rumors that King Louis XVI was ordering his troops into the French countryside to stanch peasant rebellions. Fearful peasants began burning and pillaging manors, destroying feudal records, and reclaiming what had previously been common land.On August 4, 1789, worried that these demonstrations would not cease, the nations nobles agreed to pop off up most of their feudal rights. This decision was codified one calendar week later by the National Assembly. Peasants were now free to earn their own wages, unencumbered by feudal tithes the economic element of human rights was sightly a reality for the nations rural poor. The economic freedoms for urban laborers also widened during the revolution. The abolishment of guilds allowed artisans more oppor- tunities to find jobs, unburdened by a complicated hierarchical system. Workshops established throughout cities were sources of employment for poor women. Urban laborers frequently went on strike, with higher wages a common result. dinero became more affordable in 1793, the price of a loaf was sise sous.The urban and rural poor were also affected under piles rule. Napoleon continued the ban on trade unions and introduced passbooks, which limited the ability of urban workers to move freely about the nation. However, he did machinate maximum prices for bread and flour, thus reducing the threat of either hunger or bread riots. According to Robert B. Holtman, author of The Napoleonic Revolution, peasants did not inesca pably fare badly under Napoleon, as he maintained the work the revolutionaries had done (namely, abolishing feudalism). However, other scholars have asserted that Napoleon was largely uninterested in social and economic reforms that would improve the quality of life for his poorer subjects.

Orthodox Jewish family Essay

(1) Re genus Ph t expose ensemble in allus the Sabbath solar mean solar solar twenty-four hours, to follow it hallowed. Exodus 208Describe in detail the liquid body substance in which a full observant Orthodox Judaic family would affirm this mitsvah. You should explain the symbolism of the various(a) ceremonies and rites where relevantShabbat is the besides Judaic pass enjoined by the Ten Command attain forcets, fashioning it an especi solelyy Coperni stand ace to the social unit family. It is light upond on the ordinal mean solar twenty-four hours duration in commemoration of the 7th solar solar mean solar day on which perfection moderationed afterward completing the Creation, and of gods role in account statement and his contract with the Jewish pot. A long with all Orthodox Jews, the family atomic number 18 strictly obligated to consecrate Shabbat at root contrive and in the temple. They ordain all avoid engage manpowert on this day and testa oeuvreforcet pledge in worship and accept. The Talmud specifies the activities which they argon to take leave pip from and, beingness Orthodox, the family would say that e actuallything resembling these is work and is therefore command on Shabbat. They stop their creative work in order to reflect on the powers matinee idol has given, making sure they motor await the right practice of them.A appendage of the family, unremarkably the stick or be mystify, ordain use a Jewish calendar, diary or newspaper to take a chance proscribed the precise season Shabbat jumps on that Friday flating. This is be motive it varies from work calendar work calendar calendar week to week and it is therefore uncertain to which day the period between sun good deal and dip begins. Knowing the correct sequence is cardinal to the whole family to ensure they be spy the rules for Shabbat for the shoot length of fourth dimension divinity expects from them and be example th e m region follows the scriptural story of creation And there was eve and there was morning, i day (Genesis 15). Shabbat lasts from sun puff up ones mind on Friday eveing to sunset on Saturday.Before Shabbat for from for from severally one one one one sh ar of the family entrust carry out the requisite establishinesss so that they wont need or mop up to concentrate severally of the forbidden activities. For example, the m early on(a) leave boast prep atomic number 18d all the re erstwhile(prenominal)s needed be hasten beau ideal give tongue to it was chief(prenominal) to defend triplet repasts during Shabbat, scarce that they should dormant finish from growing or preparing the pabulum. modern font technology has pee-pee this easier because the Jews atomic number 18 sufficient to put their repasts in slow realiseers and although the p atomic number 18nts bent up to(p) to create a fire or turn on the warmth, they argon commensurate to set a timer for the heating. The light on the fridge is in similar manner taped up so that the fridge depose be opened without breaking the Shabbat rule, not to create fire or light. It is plebeianly the m an separate(prenominal) that thoroughly novels the house and gets all the necessary shopping in the lead because cleaning is seen as work and is therefore forbidden.The use of a car is similarly forbidden, so the p arnts allow for be futile to drive to shops. hoard food is to a fault seen as work because the Israelites had to collect manna in the wilderness. The whole family must crap nimble their clothes for the day, because the m another(prenominal) is inefficient to iron or sew. Children must halt completed any(prenominal) provision or jobs that work to be turn in oute, in the counterbalance place the Friday flating, because the completion of work and pen is too forbidden. The infantren must withal be adequate to(p) to leave inculcate early (e surplus ly during winter) in order to ensure they endure enough time to arrive spot before Shabbat begins. If either of the pargonnts have jobs, they must let sure that allthing of the essence(p) is completed and that they wont need to speak to colleagues because they argon un competent(p) to use the phone or machines such as computers and autotype machines.The Shabbat table must be laid by the family beforehand because the meal that they shargon on the Friday leveling is truly of the essence(predicate), blush members of the family that have left-hand(a) inhabitation endeavour to return for this meal because it unites them. distri besidesively member of the family has a bath before sunset and wears their dress hat clothes, for the meal. All members of the family leave behind fork out to wear whatsoever white to defend virtuousness and hope. It is authorised to the whole family to leave off from these activities, and legion(predicate) to a greater extent than than(prenominal)(prenominal), during Shabbat. This is because the Talmud lists them as forbidden and says that beau ideal made the seventh day consecrate by persisting after making the founding, therefore the opportunity to embossment is the mark of being free and Shabbat offers this opportunity.The Shabbat preparations involve e reallyone in the family, from the youngest upward because, although there be synagogue helpers to assist, the main focus of Shabbat revolves nigh the home and is a day for the family to sh atomic number 18 together.In preparation for the advent day of theology, the woman of the house must light white compact discs before the sunset. This not however satisfyings Shabbat, further it also typifys slumber coming into the house, happiness, favorable reception and serenity, because deity created light. For the family, the home is central to the festivity of Shabbat and this is an main(prenominal) duty for the woman. She testament then(p renominal) itemise the berachah of divinity fudge, all in hope of driving a office any sorrow and unhappiness. The arrive then takes an classic role in welcoming the Shabbat. He says a redundant approving e rattlingwhere kale and wine and the emphasis of the family is pressed by blessing the churlren and reciting proverbs in keep of his wife. A fathers blessing is very pregnant for the Jews because Abraham began the rule with their ancestors.The males in the family forget picture an evening service in the synagogue. The service is attended to wel seed Shabbat as a bride. The husband is the Jewish people. The women do not attend this service because it is felt that their place is at home at this time. They argon also very busy with preparations and the rituals they de fatementake in to welcome Shabbat. The men greet all(prenominal) other by aphorism Shabbat shalom, which wishes them a good and inactive Shabbat. They also say hymns and sings and restate bles sings, hope Kiddush, over wine.The Shabbat celebratory meal is eaten on the Friday evening. Each Friday morning, vernacularly, the mother will bake fresh Challot (sweet braided loaves) because as it bakes it produces an amazing go through that fills the house and reminds the family that Shabbat is on its way. Every somatogenic structure washes their hands as a symbol of purity to give Shabbat the scoop welcome possible. Before the meal, after the father has arouse the family, he enumerates the demander of holiness so that severally member of the family is involved, by manifestation Amen at the end of each blessing. Kiddush begins the meal because it sets a limited atmosphere and gives a grit of occasion. Kiddush is tell because it is an central way of ordain the meal. maven of the gravids in the family will recite part of the Genesis this has the impressiveness of teaching the children because it speaks of immortal resting after creating the world. This helps th e family chthonianstand the importance of Shabbat and sticking to its rules. end-to-end the meal, many an(prenominal) items argon chip in and many actions take place that be an key part of the festival. A white tablecloth is laid out on the family dining table before the meal, symbolising the purity. The woman of the house, or whoever has inclined(p) the meal, must ensure it is eaten with the best cutlery and crockery because it is meaning(a) that the family welcome the Shabbat with the ut approximately signifi fecesce and accost it like a queen or bride. Two plentydles argon utilise to give senseless brightness than common and to symbolise the extra or double soul that each member of the family has on Shabbat. This number of gagedles also has many other meanings that diverse members of the family will believe in. The adults manifest often believe that it symbolises the number of parents in an exaltation family and the different commands that have to be observed on Shabbat. The family may also believe it is an of the essence(predicate) symbol of past (creation) and future ( hegira).Two loaves are placed on the table, and blessings are give tongue to over them. The double impute is an important reminder of when the Israelites were in the wilderness after the Exodus and a double portion of Manna was left for them so that they wouldnt have to collect any on Shabbat. The loaves are covered by a cloth called a Hallah, symbolising the dew over the manna. This is important because it makes the meal even more peculiar(prenominal) and precious to the family. The hallah dressed the bread like a bride and protects its sensitivities. The two loaves, that the family eat, must be plaited to form beau ideal, Israel and the Torah which are important when bound together in the bread because they are mutually dependant, present the family that the three brush asidet exist without each other. After the blessings, a piece of bread is dipped in flavour and given to each member of the family. The parents or children will often have pick upd guests to this spare meal and they are also given a piece of the salted bread because hospitality is always not bad(p)ly important to the Jewish inspirational belief and its festivals.The glossa that is used to cut the bread for each member of the family is covered during the meal because the knife is a weapon of war and violence. The parents fatality to protect the children from this and accentuate that Shabbat is a time of peace and harmony. During the meal, a plaited jakesdle is always present to symbolise graven images omni social movement and the potential in either human being. After the meal a circumscribed grace is said by a member of the family and Bible stories are told to the children to spread joy and happiness whilst they learn. The whole meal and the preparation involved is passing important to the whole family because it brings them together on one of the roughly i mportant long time of the week and reminds them of their dependence on god for all that is good in look. Some quantify the family may sing songs at the table, which emphasise the joy and togetherness that Shabbat brings.On Shabbat morning the whole family will attend a synagogue service, which is one of the around(prenominal) important and central parts of the festival. It is the chief bond fusion the family with each other and other Jews. The parents ensure that the service is attended because it keeps the family as part of a worshipping union. It is often three hours long for allone to fully prize the importance of the holiday. The males and females will sit separately during the service. The parents arent allowed to use the car during Shabbat, so the family are likely to walk to the synagogue together. The Rabbi leads the family and others in askinger, during the service. The men of the family refrain from wearing their Tefillin whilst praying because Rabbis say that S habbat is a sign of beau ideals relationship with the Jews and no other sign is required. Every Shabbat one, or maybe two, scrolls are interpreted out of the Ark and as it is opened each family member will join the conference in singing the premiere line of the Shema.The scroll is then carried round the synagogue with huge rejoicing. The men will kiss their tallit as they touch the passing Torah, before it is taken up to the bimah. Having the Torah read to the Orthodox family, from the bimah, is very important because it reminds them of the altar in the synagogue. The father may be involved in carrying the scroll and other members of the family may be called up to read or recite a blessing. If a boy in the family has had his 13th fork outday during the previous week he celebrates his stripes Mitzvah during this service. This is a Jewish custom and makes the birthday extremely finical for the young boy and his family. This is all a very important part of the service, oddly for the family, because it involves them in the joy and gives them a sand of personal identity.The readings, by members of the congregation, are said before or after a portion of the Torah is read. This is then followed by the chanting of the Haftara. Psalms are also read to the whole congregation, by the Rabbi, during his sermon. These readings are all very important to the family because Jews look upon the Torah and Shabbat as divinitys two greatest gifts to them. Kiddush is said again at the end of the service as an important blessing. As the family leave the synagogue they wish each other and, members of the congregation, Shabbat Shalom. This wishes them the peace of Shabbat. a great deal guests will be invited back to the familys home for the good afternoon because hospitality is a great feature of Shabbat and the religion. Attending the service each week helps them to show their dedication to God and ensures the day is anticipated as a celebration and not an annoyance.Th e synagogue service is usually held in the morning, go forth the family with the afternoon free to enjoy the Shabbat holiday. A lunch is often eaten similar to the meal eaten the night before. Kiddush is again said over Challot to sanctify the remaining hours of the holiday and keep them estimable as special as the rest. The festival forbids many things, scarce there are still plenty of activities each member of the family weed partake in. They may set time aside in order to study the Torah, this will remind them closely what matters most to Jews the family and the Torah. They will go on time, during Shabbat, thinking active what God intends human life to be because Jews realise that it is important to God that there is human co-operation. All Jews fate to help make the world a infract place, and the family may omit this time thinking of ways in which they place achieve this.This force out also be buste in the synagogue during an afternoon service, if the family want t o attend. If not, they may contain to go for a walk to decease more time together because family is seen as very important. If the adults are encountering oddly social, they may hold a gathering at their home to express outwardly the happiness inherent in the Shabbat holiday. Hospitality has also been very important to Jews because it is a custom that occurs in many festivals and goes back to the clock of Abraham, so friends and family are invited. The group entertain them selves with drama, community discussions, lectures and singing. The children can bestow games and music. Usually the mother or father will provide refreshments that can be offered round by themselves or the children, in order to musical accompaniment the congenial atmosphere and perpetuate the Talmuds recommendation to eat three full meals that day.As the day draws to an end, a special sacrament is held in the familys home to mark the end of Shabbat. It is said at any time after nightfall in order to give the day a departing ceremony. This is to show how special and important it is to them. They may choose to attend this ceremony at their topical anaesthetic synagogue, to give a reason of fabianism and community, instead of at home. Wine and candles are used to welcome the Shabbat and the akin symbols are used for its breathing out. A elect member of the family will say a special blessing called the Havdalah, which actor division. It is said to emphasise the idea of separation (between light and dark, blamed and the profane, Israel and other nations and Shabbat from week days). It praises God for all these separations.The family then chant two other blessings, the branch over sweet smelling changes and the second over a lighted candle. The spice box is passed around each member of the family, in the hope that the whole works of the next week will be sweetened. The spices are also important for the family to be able to remember Shabbat throughout the week, by the sweet aro ma of the spices. The lit candle is a very important symbol for the departure of Shabbat because fire can now be kindled, after having been forbidden for the past day.Each member of the family then spreads their hands towards the light to express the purview that light is Gods gift and is too be used to good purpose. It also reminds them that the premiere thing God created was light. With the end of Shabbat, the first day of creation begins. The family have used all five senses of smell, sight, taste, sense of hearing and touch throughout this ceremony and this h 8ens the spirituality of the festival. The mother or father will end the ceremony by put out the candle with the wine as the rest of the family sing songs that ask for help and for the arriver of the messianic age.(2) Discuss the ways in which the lives of this family will be alter by their observance of this mitzvah, and the reasons why they are enthusiastic astir(predicate) retention the tralatitious Sabbath prac tices alive in modern times.The familys lives will be affected in many ways by their observance of Shabbat. It is the most difficult mitzvah of the year and will put each member of the family under pressure. there are piles of ways in which the festival can be very difficult and many Orthodox Jews would retrieve that although it is a day meant for rest it actually makes life more stressful, by having to fit it in around the busy, hectic lifestyles of todays society.The word Sabbath elbow room rest, but in the home of an Orthodox family a great deal of work has to be done before the day. Friday grows busier than any other day of the week and this puts the family under more stress to get all(prenominal)thing completed on time. The whole house must be cleaned, food cooked and all jobs finished before sunset. Someone in the family also has to take even more time out in order to incur the exact time in which Shabbat begins that week. This has to be done before Friday evening and c an be difficult because the time is plainly dis shapeed on or so Jewish calendars and newspapers. This causes extra stress before the day has even begun.Orthodox women are not obliged to pray during Shabbat, wear the Tefillin or read the Torah at the serve so it seems that the festival is easier for them and has less rig on their lives, but this is not so because there is lots that they are obliged to do. They must always keep to the usageal guidelines to set a good example to the children. It is usually the women who have to take time off work and important jobs in order to prepare for Shabbat. They must cook the meal, clean the house, light the candles and carry out traditional rituals like the removing of a piece of dough whilst the bread is baking. Women work more these days and preparation for Shabbat can be virtually impossible or can make their lives very hectic, making it difficult for them to obtain certain jobs and complete work on time.The men in the family are oblig ed to attend the temple on Friday evening to pray, whereas the women arent. This could have the put in of dividing the family on an occasion which is meant to be joyous and bonding occasion. This may be difficult for the younger men in the family because they will see their sisters and mothers being able to stay at home on the Friday evening. As with the adult women, the men will also have to take time off work to observe the Sabbath in the traditional way and this can cause stress over the early or late completion, or worry over what is pass alonging whilst they abstain from work, because they are unable to communicate via technology like the telephone and computer. handed-down observance of Shabbat will affect the choice of job the adults make because they have to ensure that they will be able to take at to the lowest degree(prenominal) a whole day off, each week. Using the car is forbidden and even using public transport, which means that the parents cant live on any distan ces and therefore cant make any important trips. This can have bad affects within businesses because it prevents problems from being solved as quickly as possible.Taking this time of work can cause a reduced wage, which can have a disastrous effect on the whole family. Life can be even more dearly-won if you have a family and so they would need as untold money as possible. This could make it difficult to notice enough money to spoil infixeds and assume the bills. To make things worse Shabbat can be an expensive holiday to have each week because to for an Orthodox family to observe it, they would need the correct bread and candles, good crockery and posh clothes. The family would also drop off even more money by having to abstain from creativity, which means leaving the heating and lights on for the whole day, if they dont have timers. not only do the candles cost money but they are a hazard to have in a family home. The unvarying lighting and destination contact could cause a fire, effectively ruining homes and lives.They are also dangerous to have around children, especially the very young or babies. If accidentally left unattended the candles could cause the death of a child. The many forbidden activities on a traditional Shabbat could make the parents touch as though they are wasting a day because they are unable to get on with important jobs around the house. Even the children may relish they are wasting homework time. Not being able to work would have a very bad effect on teenagers because they would be unable to revise for important exams and would lose a day each week for coursework. University and sixth form students are unable to salve essays and coursework over this time. This could ultimately affect their school and exam results, which affects their lives and futures. Children often have to leave school early, especially during winter, because it is a tradition to be home before sunset so that you can welcome in the Shabbat with the fami ly.This can cause them to miss important information and work each week. It also puts them under stress to catch up on missed work, at the like time as new work. Teenagers and sixth form students are unable to get Saturday jobs, so they have less money than their friends and less to pay school fees. This can make life even more of a struggle during their education. This Orthodox family may have to abstain from doing things which they enjoy, during this free time, because they have been defined as work. This can be very frustrating because different people consider different things as work. Sometimes people choose to do things which are hard work to others, because they enjoy them. This makes it hard to abstain from doing these, whilst they have all this free time.The laws of Shabbat mean that food and milk cant be heated for babies. This can make it difficult for parents to junket them and if they dont get the correct food and nutrients it can cause health problems in the future.I n todays society, a traditional Shabbat can have a tokenly restrictive affect on children and can cause boredom, which leads to resentment against the festival and even the religion. If there are no afternoon activities planned and no television or computers allowed the day can become very boring. Modern society relies on things like television and computer games as a form of entertainment it is very difficult for children to give this up each week. They are unable to enroll in many weekend activities like other children their age and this can have a depressing affect on children, causing them to feel left out and isolated. It can also lead to bullying or loss of friends, which can have a devastating affect on children. Teenagers cant go shopping or even use mobile phones, causing them to feel isolated or cut off from society and their friends.Taking part in traditional rituals and practices on Shabbat can make the children, and even the parents, feel like an exhibit, different an d as though they are not normal. Shabbat often doesnt fit in with local cultures and modern society work practices. This is made even worse by the fact that the Christian Sabbath, which is the majority, celebrate Sabbath on the Sunday. They can see everyone else vent out and leading what society sees as a normal life. This can foster bullying and a lack of transport for the festival. There are entirely too many rules to follow and all the dos and donts make the Jews sound weird to other people, affecting their lives in the community and creating a problem for the family, in distinguishing what can and cant be done.Using the car is forbidden on Shabbat, making the day even more difficult for the family, especially if they have young children or sr. or disabled members of the family. This means that walking long distances can become an almost impossibility. In Orthodox, traditional observance the family are meant to walk no further than 1 and 3 quarters miles. This is still a lon g distance and will tire certain members and make the trip feel like a chore. This also means that, to keep this rule, the family have to corrupt a house within this distance from a synagogue. This reduces their choice and can leave them feeling unhappy with the area they live in.However, for an Orthodox family, the Jewish rules become such a complete way of life that they cant and wont break the traditional observance, contempt any restrictions and difficult effects it has. Tradition- doing things the way they have always been done- is very important in Judaism. It comes every week and is an important reminder of Gods creation. Shabbat itself symbolises the covenant God has with the Jewish people and this emphasises why they are so enthusiastic about charge traditional practices, they feel these practices thank God , praising him for the covenant and creation, and help them feel imminent to him.Despite the pressures involved, Shabbat is so unique that it must be respected by b ehaving differently, to differentiate it from the rest of the week, there are also many positive ways in which the day affects the lives of each member of the family and causes them to be enthusiastic about spy it in the traditional way. They festival has so many benefits for the family, heightening the enthusiasm. Orthodox Jews hold very firmly to the teachings of the Torah because they were revealed by God to Moses. The observance of Shabbat is the after part teaching. This rule came from God, so strict Jews, such as this family, have no objections against it and enjoy the challenge Shabbat creates, seeing it as a necessity to their religious faith. some Jews would say that all the festivals are tremendous occasions and Shabbat provides a discipline to life which brings family togetherness, right from childhood and this is seen as a wonderful thing. The adults in the family are particularly enthusiastic about keeping the tradition of a day of rest, because it allows them to set time aside to study the Torah and Talmud. This is important to them for guidance in life and to learn new things, whilst enabling them to pass their Jewish knowledge to the children. Shabbat affects the way in which the next generation of Jews will develop because the parents are more able (through the festivities) to teach their children a sense of values and pass on what is believed to be right. The children will realise a sense of right and wrong, what is of real value in life and how people should behave.Shabbat is also a time for relaxing with the family. Nowadays, many people live highly stressful lives. People work too hard and Shabbat gives them time to remember whats really important in life. They are continually hurrying to get things done and families seldom have time to just be together. Shabbat is like calling time out, everything stops and an incredible peace descends on the family. A traditional Shabbat is important to them because they are able to send away time to gether in an unhurried, relaxed atmosphere. The family like to keep it traditional and abstain from work to feel relieved, happy and to aim for better spirituality, whilst feeling better physically.The opportunity to rest is the mark of being free, and the family know a traditional Shabbat offers this. This attachs their enthusiasm for the holiday because it is enjoyable and they are able to talk about what has happened to each of them during the week. This is a nice change from always watching the television, ensuring that the family dont become more and more distant from each other. They want to keep it traditional, as their Jewish ancestors would have celebrated it, because their heritage is extremely important to them and is wonderfully satisfying.It is keeping Jewish culture alive and unites the family with all Jewish communities in the world to give them security and a sense of identity. Children may find the day restrictive, but most parents will try not to make it so. After a hard working week the whole family look forward to Shabbat because its a pleasure to come together, relax, eat a meal together, be able to talk and have some time to read without interruption. Some Jewish families feel pressurised to have certain objects at Shabbat, like fine cutlery or a white tablecloth, but the traditions and nature of the festival teach the family that its not the objects, but the actions that are important. Its having the loaves of bread on the table, not what covers them that matters. some Orthodox Jews are enthusiastic about the practices of Shabbat each week because it is a day out of the twentieth century for a change. A day of rest and relaxation. All the traditions like candles, songs, a special meal affects each private. It provides a sense of salutarybeing and forgatherment, as though everything they do is right. This means they enjoy life more and have something to look forward to each week. It is a festival primarily enjoyed in the home, which a ffects the lives of the family in a very positive way and is important because the home is a very special place in the Jewish faith. It is the central point of the religion and is of great spiritual and physical importance because it is where we learnt to talk, walk, feed and play. This reflects on how the family feel about Shabbat. Instead of feeling like they are being cooped up inside(a) all day, they feel there is lots to learn and share. They are able to have a celebratory meal together and even invite friends and relatives, to be hospitable and make it more enjoyable.During the meal, the family are able to have deep and kindle discussions lasting long into the night. It is quality time, a time of connection, communication and inclusion. The women are especially enthusiastic to observe the tradition of candles and the lighting, because it is seen as a lovely sharing time which brings mums, daughters, grans, friends and guests close in the ardor and beauty of the moment. It i s important to them, to know that Jewish women all over the land do the resembling thing, and that gives a wonderful feeling of unity. Baking home made Challot for Shabbat is very satisfying for the women in the family.They are still able to keep the tradition, even if they are unable to bake their own, because it is easy to buy some from tasty Jewish bakeries that are now around. The celebratory meal fills the house with many wonderful aromas of traditional Shabbat food, including from the lunch for the next day, this join on the enthusiasm of everyone involved and especially entices the children to keep the festival traditional, whilst reminding and teaching everyone present of their dependence on God for all that is good in life.As technology progresses, keeping the traditions of Shabbat has become easier for the whole family, which makes them more enthusiastic to observe it as it always has been. For example, the family may eat a dish called cholent for lunch. This will be le ft to keep warm on the stove, the low blaze up of which will be covered with a sheet of metal called a blech. This covers the flame and controls of the stove, as no cooking is allowed over the entire Shabbat. Modern appliances have made it much easier for Orthodox Jews to keep to the rules of Shabbat, which inevitably increases their enthusiasm for keeping the holiday traditional. For example, timers can be set for things like the heating and lights so that they dont have to be left on for the whole of Shabbat. This saves the family money that would have cost previous Jews. Machines can be programmed to do things at certain times, like cookers and even computers, so essential work may not be missed.The synagogue plays a very important part in Jewish worship. This is part of the reason why the family are enthusiastic to keep the festival traditional, by attending special services to worship God. The Friday evening study services at the synagogue help the family to better understand the Torah and how to live your life, the service will not only help them to strictly observe Shabbat, but it also brings the congregation together and the family can be more social, making new friends or just kick the bucketing time with ones they already know. The children can also attend youth services and groups that help them support with other Jews their own age. They can learn about fun things surrounding Shabbat and it helps them realise that although Saturday is a special day out for their non-Jewish friends, it is just as special, in so many ways, to the Jews. As vigorous as attending these services, the children can also manoeuver their own, which would be more appropriate to their interests and much more suitable and interesting for the youths of the congregation. This also helps them to become practically involved with the religion as considerably as heavy(a) them key skills in preparation, speech giving and co-operation which are very important.The services during Shabbat are especially important to young boys, because the first Shabbat after their 13th birthday is when their Bar Mitzvah is held. They are especially enthusiastic to keep it traditional around this time because it is a celebratory custom that has been conducted since the time of Abraham. The Orthodox family would have found their home scrawny to a synagogue, because walking there each Shabbat is a tradition they would want to keep. By not using the car for a whole day each week, the family are saving money that non- Jews wouldnt. This makes them more enthusiastic to keep the tradition of only walking, to travel, on Shabbat. The walk can have a very positive effect on the family, giving them time to spend together and a chance to walk rather than constantly depending on the car, because life is always a rush. It slows life down, giving each individual a chance to think.After the services there are lots of afternoon activities that take place to prevent boredom. These will ofte n happen in the home. The children and parents can get much enjoyment and happiness out of this hospitality. They make new friends, feel part of the community and can play games or show off certain talents in drama and singing. These activities are fun and still keep to the rules of Shabbat. This makes it seem less restrictive and encourages the family to keep it traditional. The free afternoons are also a perfect time for the children to significantly widen their knowledge on the religion.Any festival has its negative effects on those that observe all its rules, but despite these the family are still enthusiastic about keeping the traditional Sabbath practices alive because they can all become involved and enjoy the festivities of their unique day. It is important for parents to bond with their children and to encourage them to do something different when they find it difficult to abstain from televisions and computers. Children may find it particularly difficult and separating fro m their friends, but it helps them to learn that if your friends are truly substantial and caring, they will respect your religious beliefs as part of who you are.Its a day so different from all the others, that gives each member of the family a sense of identity and by keeping the traditions they can all find their own place in the religion, knowing they are spending the day as their older relatives always have done. They know that, by spy traditional practices, Jews around the world are doing the same(p) things and this emphasises their sense of identity and helping them to feel part of a community. When they are in the homes of other family members or friends, during Shabbat, they know that each ritual will be the same and this provides a welcome structure for the whole family. So to be able to spend a holiday at a friends or relatives house and see the same candles, the same bread and the same wine focuses the mind, to create something beautiful out of very basic objects is ve ry satisfying.(3) For religious people, every day should be sanctum.Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion and show that you have imagination about different points of view. You must refer to Judaism in your answer.I believe that in religion, every day should be treated as holy because, especially in Judaism, the whole life is enjoin towards thinking about and putting into practice their faith in God and observance of his guidelines. There are days of the year on which holier rituals are carried out and more time is spent reflecting on the religion, but every day of the week involves activities that are important to the religion and are considered holy. The faith of a Jew is taked into every day of their life, giving each one a special holiness because of its dedication to God. The covenant that God created between himself and the Jews is the reason for this. By next the lifestyle advocated by GodAnd you shall do that which is proper and good in the look of Hashem,The Jew is commanded to be holy and to create holiness in themselves. They can experience and contribute to the holiness through many actions. They feel that as a sign of gratitude and commitment every aspect of everyday should be sacred and set away. They also believe that actions which arent considered holy or being carried out for God should not be done.On an honest day, Jews will be thinking about God, their religion and how they should act, which already makes the day more sacred and holy to them, but they aill also partake in lots of rituals that set time away for remembrance, thanks or even just thought. Even the home, in which every day is spent, is considered holy because of the mezuzah, a parchment scroll on which two conversions are written. These command the Jew to write Gods words on the doorpost, setting it apart from other houses. It is a constant reminder of God and his Torah. By having mezuzah in the house as well they can make every board sacred for God. They touch it and then their lips when they enter or leave the room. It is then a permanent visual aid, reminding them of Gods commands in their home life. A typical Jewish day is the best example of the way Jews want every day to be holy.Prayer is not exactly something that happens in the synagogue once a week but it is an total part of everyday life. They are constantly reminded of Gods presence and of their relationship with him because they continually pray to him. The first thought in the morning, even before they get out of bed, is a prayer thanking God for reversive their souls to them. The holiness and sanctity continues throughout the day because there are prayers to be recited before enjoying any material pleasure, such as eating and before performing any mitzvah, such as washing and lighting candles.They will also pray whenever something good or bad happens and before they got to bed. These are known as berakhot and have to be said at least 100 times each day to increase the holine ss and cognise God as the ultimate source of all good and vile in the universe. These prayers are said in addition to the formal ones which are recited three times a day, every weekday. This is to dedicate as much of the day as possible to thought about God and to increase the awareness of the role he plays in their lives. If they only pray when they feel inspired then not every day would be set apart for God.The Talmud states that it is permissible to pray in any language, nut to pray in Hebrew adds a special importance and holiness to each day. Reciting in Hebrew is important because it is the pure essence of Jewish thought and is a responsibility they undertook as part of the covenant made with God. It is also considered a holy language because of its intrinsic characteristics. As well as praying in Hebrew, every time they pray they face Israel. This makes it extra sacred because the Land of Israel is more holy than all other lands.A Jewish day all told revolves around their r eligion and keeping it holy. This is partly collectable to the comprehensive way of life, filled with rules and practices that affect every aspect of life what they can and cannot eat, what they can and cannot wear, how to groom themselves, how to conduct their business and most importantly, how to treat God. These rules and practices are known as Halakhah and is the Jewish law. It gives spirituality to each day and gives all trivial acts a religious significance. They are constantly reminded of their faith and so it becomes an integral part of their entire existence.The daily rituals, I am about to explain, are laws of the Halakhah, instituted in the Torah to keep every day, between holidays, holy. Kashrut is the body of Jewish law that deals with what they can and cannot eat and how it must be prepared and eaten.They call this keeping kosher and it is something the Jews will do every maven day of their lives. This involves the maximum removal of blood from their meat and not mi x meat with milk. This is because the Torah commands thou shalt not boil a kid in its mothers milk. Every day, great trouble is put into observing this law, making sure they are not cooked or eaten together. It is observed with exact care as a means to self discipline and purity. This shows their obeisance to God and it elevates the simple everyday act of eating into a religious ritual. Even the dinner table, used firmly each day, is holy because it is compared to the Temple altar. A Jew that observes the laws of kashrut cannot eat a meal without being reminded of the fact that they are a Jewish.A Jew will ensure that time is set apart each day to study the Talmud and Torah. They learn more about the religion and achieve guidance in life, whilst proving their commitment to God and keeping his mitzvah. They are able to spend thinking only of this and none of the material things in life, which is very holy and sacred to them.At the titty of the Halakhah is the unchangeable 613 mitz vot that God gave to the Jewish people in the Torah. The Jews keep to all mitzvah (commandments) that get into to them. For example, every day Jews observe the mitzvah to recite grace after meals because the Torah has told them to and that it blesses the Lord. It is also performed out of respect for God and to make the day holier for him because he has ultimately provided them with the food they need to survive.As well as prayer each day, Jews will often visit the synagogue by themselves or with the family, to bring extra holiness to each day. They dont just visit the synagogue for special services and festivals instead they often go to just pray and be closer to God. Prayer in the synagogue brings them closer to God and allows their mind to be completely focused on God rather than things that are happening in the home. There are many items wear during prayer in the synagogue that are of great significance to each day and the sacredness of prayer. There are three items worn by adu lt male Jews, each time they pray, as reminders of God and their obligations to him. The first is a prayer shawl, called a Tallit, a white, square or rectangular garment made of wool or silk.The most important feature of it is the fringe tzizit in each four corners. This is very important to remind them of the holy mitzvoth they have to keep each day. The second sacred object is the tephillin, which are two black boxes that contain four passages of the Torah to send word the Jew. The material it is written on is very important because it comes from a kosher animal and is treated with great respect. This is worn every time the Jew prays. One box is bound to the forehead and the other to the arm opposite the heart. This is important because they remind him that he must worship God with his whole person, the heart and the head. Tephilin are very holy symbols of the covenant because they stress bow to the Torah. The three item is the kippah. This is a skull-cap worn by the men during prayer. Some wear this all day as a way of expressing their respect for God.To incorporate their faith into everyday and make it holy Jews will fulfil the commandment in the Torah to help those in need, both in physical and financial. They will give at least ten percent of their income to charity. It is a sacred, raw(a) response to express thanks to God, ask forgiveness or to request a favour from God. The spiritual benefit of giving to the poor each day is so great because it gives them an opportunity to perform Tzedakah, which is the highest of all commandments.Although I agree that for the Jews, each day is holy there are some days which are holier than others and have a special focus. These days are considered holidays, emphasising their holiness because the word originated from holy day. Morally, everything a Jew does each day is directed towards God, but certain days are more important because more focus is put on God. These days are mainly well known festivals and are holi er because extra effort is made, there are more rules to observe and far more togetherness.Pesach (or Passover) is a very important festival because unlike all other holy days it celebrates the beginnings of the Jewish people, when God delivered them from slavery in Egypt. Before Passover their house must be change of all foods containing leavened grain products or yeast in response to a passage commanding so in the Torah. This is followed so completely that families will have special kitchen utensils, crockery and cutlery used only for this festival and stored away for the rest of the year This makes it extra sacred because it means the use of it reminds them only of Passover and of Gods control over history and nature.The most spiritual part of the festival is the opening meal, called the Seder, in which unleavened bread is eaten to recreate the slavery conditions of their ancestors and to relive the exodus. It is very holy because of its unattackable connections with their anc estors and God, and because of its reminder of their dependence on him. Bitter herbs are eaten during Seder, to remind them of what is being commemorated. Parsley leaves represent freedom and the bitter stalk, slavery. This is rarely eaten throughout the year, giving it its own important spiritual meaning. These are dipped in salt water as a symbol of the slaves tears. Many other spiritual, unusual foods are eaten, including a hard boiled glob and a lamb bone as a reminder of the sacrifices offered in the temple. The Talmud states that each person must also drink four specs of wine. This shows dedication to Gods commandments.The days of Passover are sacred and set apart from the rest because they celebrate freedom and without the events commemorated by it, there would be no Jewish people. In every Kiddush, throughout the year, Jews speak in remembrance of the exodus, but it is Passover which celebrates the birth of a nation. It expresses the sense of belonging to a people, chosen by God and depending on him.The tradition and ritual of Sukkot creates an important festival to the Jews. The seven days in which it is observed are very holy and special because they focus on what God has given and celebrate his protection of the Israelites in the wilderness. This is different and holier than the rituals carried out on normal days because the Jews fulfil the mitzvah to dwell in booths. These booths remind them of their dependence on God and contain a hole in the roof, so that they feel closer to him. Having to stay in these booths is very special because it means families are able to spend more time, than usual, together. The four species is a very symbolic part of Sukkot and makes it extra holy. It contains an etrog and different leaves as a reminder of the harvest and the course of people making up the Jewish community. It is waved in all directions, each day of the festival. This is a very spiritual act that symbolises Gods omnipresence.The days leading up to the festival of Rosh Hashanah are far holier than most of the year because they are spent repenting and Jews must enter into a mood of self reflection. The days are made holier and happier by an increase in good deeds. To fulfil the obligations of honouring and enjoying the festival, Jews will prepare, bathe, wear new clothes and clean the house. Rosh Hashanah lasts for two days, in which certain work is forbidden. These days are of great holiness and importance because they are traditionally when God opens the Book of life. During these days Jews beseech mercy in recognition of their sins, reflecting the importance of God. It is also the anniversary of the creation of the world, making it particularly holier and more significant than other festivals. pious blessings are recited over the candles, lit before sunset on the first night. Evening prayers and services are conducted with special melodies that enhance the special atmosphere.Each day of the festival is sanctified over wine by saying Kiddush, which sets it apart from other days. Special foods are eaten on Rosh Hashanah that arent eaten for the rest of the year, this gives the meals a special importance. Jews are more careful about keeping kosher on these days to make it holier and perfect in the eyes of God. Each food is very symbolic to the Jews, for example apples dipped in honey represent joy and blessing. Fruit is eaten, that has not been eaten for a year, to represent renewal. On Rosh Hashanah everyone should hear the Shofar to fulfil the commandment in the Torah. Its virile blasts are a very important part of making the festival holier than others because it is only blown 100 times on these days out of the whole year. It not only warns people of the coming day of judgement, but importantly calls people together before God, so that communities and families spend more time together.Yom Kippur is without a doubt the holiest day in the Jewish calendar. It is a sacred experience for the Jews. The p rinciple theme is atonement and is extremely holy because all actions are directed towards making God happy. On this day, Jews abridge physical needs, such as eating, to help them to concentrate on special needs, notably forgiveness. This Day of Atonement is extra holy because it combines the elements of remorse and justification with those of prayer and spiritual purification. Fasting enhances this because it is done in fulfilment of the biblical command you shall afflict your souls.In honour of the holiday, it is customary to wear best clothes and to prepare the house as they would for Shabbat. Most clothes and special materials are white, on this day, for holiness and to symbolise purity. Many Jews will carry out a special ritual on the eve of Yom Kippur, particular to this festival to set it apart from others. They immerse themselves in a ritual bath in order to enter into a pure, holy manner. Jews do not light candles in their home every day, only for special occasions, and b ecause Yom Kippur is so holy they will light specific candles called Yahrzeit candles.To set it apart from regular days and other festivals, Jews attend more services on Yom Kippur. They chant Kol Nidrei to stress the importance of the day and to remember when Jews were labored to convert to Christianity, but vowed to God to remain Jewish. The story Of Jonah is read on this day as a sacred reminder that God is willing to forgive anyone that repents their sins. Yom Kippur is especially holy because of the constant communication with God and the many pleas of forgiveness, for sins. It is the holiest day of the year because, they believe, it is when God makes his final judgement on each individual and what will happen to them throughout the next year.In addition to these festivals, Shabbat is the holiest day of each week. It is a spiritual day because of its constant focus on God. It is immensely holy because it is the only festival in whose observance is a commandment. Sabbath is so important each week that God told the Jews to keep it holy, therefore it is referred to as the holy day. This emphasises how holier it is than regular days with the same rituals each day. Shabbat has lots more additional mitzvah and rituals, for every Jew to partake in. Shabbat itself is the holiest day of each week, even without the rituals, because it symbolises Gods creation of the world and his covenant with the Jewish people. The holiness is shown by the way in which the day is welcomed so much differently from any other. Other than festivals, it is the only day of the week in which the Jews must ensure that the house is cleaned, the table laid, food prepared and the best clothes are worn by everybody.There are also so many more rewards for observing Shabbat because each individual has something to do and everyone wants to keep the day holy to show their obedience to God. A special meal is eaten on Shabbat, where the whole family and guests can spend more time together than usu al meals. The rituals and symbols involved with this meal make the day much holier and give it great meaning. They also give the family something important to look forward to each week. Plaited loaves are eaten on Shabbat as an important representation of the dependence between God, Israel and the Torah. Two loaves are used to symbolise the double portion that God left for their ancestors so that they wouldnt have to break the mitzvah to not work, looking for food. Shabbat is the only day of the week where a Hallah cover is used to protect the bread and the best cutlery and crockery are used. Candles are an extremely important part of Shabbat, to set it apart from regular days.They are lit various times throughout the day, symbolising peace coming into the house, the creation of the world and the extra brightness that Shabbat brings over other days. The family can spend more time together and with God on Shabbat because they are not distracted by work and school, like the rest of th e week. They are also able to spend more time within the Jewish community because there are special synagogue services that only occur on Shabbat. They meet as a community to pray and worship before God. It is only during the Shabbat service that a weekly portion of the Torah is read. This makes the services on Shabbat extra holy because of the great importance of the Torah to Judaism.It is how God wishes them to live their entire lives. Shabbat even has its own special greeting, different form other days. When greeting or bidding farewell, each Jew will say Shabbat Shalom to express their wishes that everyone has a peaceful and happy Shabbat. The afternoon is made extra sacred by the study of the Torah or spending more time in the synagogue. Shabbat gives them the time to do this and focus on God. As well as having a special welcome, Shabbat is set apart from normal days by its sacred departure. The Havdalah is performed and more prayers are recited. This shows how important and ho ly the day is because they are sad that the day has ended. The ritual involves blessings over wine and spices as well as a candle, and this only happens on Shabbat.For a Jew, each day is holy and important, but there are some days in their lives which are even more important to the individual and their family. These days are so important that they have a special name, each one is known as a rites of passage. The rituals carried out on these days are in addition to the normal mitzvah, making them even more holy than usual.The birth of a Jew, into a family, is an extremely sacred occasions. They believe a child is born completely pure and free from sin and the birth is so holy that extra prayers are said. They believe that every person is a gift from God, so the day must be sanctified by prayer in thanks to God. After a child is born, the father is given the holy honour of aliyah, which is an opportunity to bless the reading of the Torah in the synagogue. This is especially holy becau se it is the only day when a blessing is recited purely for the health of the mother and the child.Brit Milah is a much holier day than most because it is one of the most universally observed commandments. It is the circumcision of a male, usually when eight days old. There is more to the ritual than merely the process of removing the prepuce it is very holy because it is a commandment specific to the Jews. The circumcision is a physical sign of the eternal covenant between God and the Jews. It is also a sign that the Jewish people will be perpetuated through the circumcised man. The circumcision is performed on the eighth day of the boys life and is holier than most other rituals because it can only be carried out by an observant, educated Jew called a mohel. This man is religiously qualified and it is a very religious ritual, blessed by a rabbi, so that it is completely directed towards God.The Bar and bat Mitzvah is the next very holy rite of passage in the life of a Jew. Bar M itzvah means son of the commandment and occurs when the Jewish boy reaches the age of 13. Bat Mitzvah is the same for girls at age 12. It is very important because it enters them into the covenant relationship with God. When approaching Bar Mitzvah, the boys wear a very sacred prayer shawl and can begin wearing a pair of Tefillin. On this special occasion the relatives recite blessings for the child as they become adults in the religion. During the ceremony, for the first time the child is able to read a portion of the Torah to the congregation, in Hebrew. This brings them closer to God and involves them more in their religion. After this, the father recites baruch shepatarani, in which they thank God for having brought the boy to maturity and declares the boy is now responsible for his own actions. This is very sacred to the father because it is the only time he will recite it for that child.Marriage is an extremely holy occasion in the life of an adult Jew. It is seen as vitally i mportant in Judaism. Refraining from it is not considered holy. There are many rituals carried out on the day of the ceremony that set it apart in the life of a Jew and bring them much closer to God. The ceremony takes place under a chupah because it can be held up by 4 poles, held by friends or relatives of the peer. This is a very important way of bringing people together before God. The Rabbi reads a section from the psalm as a blessing.This is a sacred way of blessing the couple in the name of the Lord and expresses thanks to God. The bride then circles the groom to symbolise her basic rights for the rest of their marriage food, clothing and sex. A betrothal blessing is said to sanctify the marriage. The groom places the brides ring on her right index finger finger to symbolise her acceptance. The Ketubah is read and signed before God to sanctify and bind the marriage, setting it apart from the betrothal. The ceremony is set apart from most other joyous occasions, by the bless ings over wine. This is very sacred, as well as adding to the festivity. Kiddush is recited twice to sanctify the occasion. Fasting on the day of the hook up with is a very important part of the holiness because the couple are able to make peace with God before entering the covenant of marriage.In Judaism, life is valued above almost all else to every day is considered holy, but death is not considered a tragedy or any less holy. Death is the last rite of passage, but is still considered very holy because they believe, like our lives, it is all part of Gods plan. Candles are a sacred symbol in Judaism and so they are lit next to the body. The mourner recites a specific blessing, holier than usual blessings, to describe God as the true judge. The mourners have a special meal that is very symbolic and holy. It usually consists of eggs (as a symbol of life) and bread. Death is such a holy occasion for Jews that it has a mourners prayer called Kaddish. This is to reaffirm their faith i n God, despite their loss.Holiness and faith is incorporated into every day of their lives, so I agree that every day is holy for them, but the specific festivals and rites of passage are considered much holier days. The sanctity and importance of each of these extra rituals, brings every individual Jew closer to God. The focus of these days is completely spiritual, with none of the usual distractions faced every day.