The Incarceration Of Prison Rates Essay - 1435 Words

Currently as a nation we use severity as our biggest form of deterrence; our threat of imprisonment has grown dramatically over time. In 1985 the average release time for a conviction of robbery was 32 months and in 2002 it jumped to a minimum of 53 months (Incarceration and Crime). We focus heavily on severity and longer incarceration rates; the idea is that a 10% increase in incarceration would lead to a 1.6%-5.5% decrease in crime (Lieka 2006) but this is not true. Prison rates have increased tenfold since 1970 and yet the crime rates have not dropped near those percents.The leading argument against increase in incarceration uses other states as examples of how ineffective it is; for example Florida heavily focuses on imprisonment to reduce crime with no effect (Incarceration and Crime). This idea would be great and a good mode of deterrence if those who go to prison actually learn their lessons and mend their future ways. Also if the unwanted effects of prison were at least toler able this might deter crime but sadly even after experiment and evidence it is not a well functioning theory. The cost of funding our mass incarceration does balance out the decrease in overall crime. Besides when we have a nation who is majority hard on crimes compared to other crimes we end up severely punishing people who probably would respond better to rehabilitation than jail. My Cousin is a Director of unit in the prison system that serves as an alternative to long term segregation.Show MoreRelatedThe Incarceration Rate Of State And Federal Prisons2418 Words   |  10 Pagesdecades there has been a considerable increase incarceration rate in state and federal prisons. This is due to the public demanding more castigatory laws along with harsher sentencing policies. In the United State there 2.3 million people are incarcerated in prisons and jails which make the United States the lead in the incarceration rate (Wright, 2010). Truth in sentencing law made it essential that offenders serve a significant portion of the prison sentenced handed down by the court before he orRead MoreSouth Carolina Should Reduce Crime Rates Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagescausation, then crime rates are extremely high due to the increase amounts of people being incarcerated. South Carolina should offer a proposal to reduce crime rates. Possible proposals to reduce crime rat es- offering inmates or ex-convicted felons opportunities to find jobs, developed new skills or trade, and the ability to asses counselling once release. These alternatives can possibly improve not only the society, but also South Carolina. To find a program to reduce incarceration, create a positiveRead MoreEssay on Cost of Incarceration1308 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is incarceration? Incarceration is the act of placing someone in prison. Incarceration serves as a punishment for criminals due to their actions against the law. It is a solution for keeping the public safe. Prisoners follow a strict rules and schedules while following the culture within the walls among other prisoners. As a result of their crimes, convicts lose their freedom and are place among others who suffer the same fate. Crime is the cause of this establishment, but what are the effectsRead MoreAmeric Land Of The Incarcerated1296 Words   |  6 Pagestransformed the once â€Å"land of the free† into a c ountry of mass incarceration which emphasizes on punishing offenders rather than rehabilitating them into productive citizens. To the typical American, radical governments such as Russia or China come to mind when one thinks about countries that have strict criminal codes that punish offenders with extreme prison sentences. Shockingly, the United States has the world’s highest incarceration rate of 716 prisoners per 100,000 citizens compared to the averageRead MoreRacial Disparities Of Mass Incarceration1572 Words   |  7 PagesRacial disparities in mass incarceration Introduction Mass Incarceration in the United States has been a large topic of choice because rapid growth in the prison and jail populations, the long sentences the inmates face, and the inability for some inmates to incorporate themselves back into society. Since the 1970’s the U.S. prison population quadrupled from 158 to 635 people per 100,000, causing the U.S. to gain the title of country with the highest incarceration rate. (Massoglia, Firebaugh, WarnerRead MoreLegislation and Incarceration in United States956 Words   |  4 PagesLegislation and Incarceration (Order #A2068178) The incarceration rate in the United States has steadily risen since 1973, and Franklin Zimring has examined the relationship between penal legislation and the incarceration rate. He has discovered three distinct periods which demonstrate three differences in the way legislation effects penal practices. During the first period in which there was a major rise in incarceration rates, 1973-1985, Zimring asserted that there was no relationship betweenRead MoreMass Incarceration During The United States1322 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 3 Honors 30 March 2017 Mass Incarceration in the United States There are too many people in prison in our country and any people in prison today are non-violent drug offenders. The American war on drugs has targeted people in poverty and minorities, who are more likely to be involved in drug use. This has created a pattern of crime and incarceration and â€Å"...[a] connection between increased prison rates and lower crime is tenuous and small.† (Wyler). The prison system in our country today focusesRead MoreRacism: Incarceration of a Household Member and Hispanic Health Disparities1344 Words   |  6 Pageslooking at our nation’s prison system and how the incarceration rates are skewed towards African American men. The reasons for the incarceration rate disparity are argued and different between races, but history points out and starts to show the reason of why the disparity began. Families and children of the incarcerated are adversely affected due to the discrimination as well as the discrimination against African American students and their likelihood of going to prison compared to the white studentRead MoreThe Incarceration Of Drug Offenders894 Words   |  4 PagesA. Rise in Incarceration of Drug Offenders Another major subset in the overall prison population in the U.S. is the growing rise in incarceration rates of drug offenders. Professor Blumstein notes that when considering the growth of incarceration rates by specific type of crime, such as murder, robbery, assault, burglary, drugs, and sex offenses during the two decades from 1980 to 2001, the single most important result was that the prison rate for drug offenders increased by a factor of 10;Read MoreThe Death Of The Prison1446 Words   |  6 PagesPrisons have been around for many years. The prison was created as a punishment for individuals who broke the law. There could be many reasons for a person to receive imprisonment; ranging from homicide to fraud. Due to many law violations, there are more people in prisons and jails. From the year 2000 to the present, there was an increase. Jails and prisons house about 1.6 million individuals (Peak, 2012). There are many reasons why there is an increase in individuals going t o prison. The first

Tokyo Fashion Corporation At Yahoo ! Shopping - 2263 Words

Tokyo Fashion Corporation (Tokyo or the Company), one of the most famous online female apparel retailing companies in Taiwan, was founded by a young couple: Mayuki Chou and Ying-Tai Cheng in 2004. Before Mayuki Chou decided to set up the company, she just sold her second-hand clothes on the Internet. However, by her excellent sensitivity to fashion, lots of buyers enquired her about how to choose and match clothes for themselves. She had been considering the possibility of succeed if she did the business about selling attractive, highly fashionable but cheaper clothes to girls through the online platform, such as Yahoo! Shopping. After deciding, this young couple invested approximate 1,000 pounds as capital to found Tokyo Fashion†¦show more content†¦Firms in the Taiwanese female apparel industry normally purchase their inventories from these three places: Chinese ready-made clothes factories, Wufenpu , and Dongdaemun . However, the unstable clothes supply from Wufenpu and D ongdaemun made Mayuki Chou and Ying-Tai Cheng decide to find reliable outsourcing producers in China. Therefore, they built an office in China to inspect the quality of products, receive commodities, and send goods back to Taiwan. OPERATIONAL PROCESS Of TOKYO FASHION CORPORATION According to Christopher et al. (2004), the main features of fashion industry include very short product life cycle, high volatility, low predictability, and high impulse purchasing. As a result, it is crucial that how a fashion company could quickly respond to market demand and incorporate consumers’ preference into its products (Christopher et al., 2004). In order to maintain its leadership position in the market, the Company’s strategies focuses on these parts (Tokyo Fashion Corporation Official Website: http://www.tokichoi.com.tw/subTP.aspx?p=about): a. cheaper and affordable prices, b. short production and distribution time ( the Company emphasises each order would be delivered no more than three days after paying), c. convenience of return, d. customised dress-up service, e. variety, and f. highly fashionable design ( the Company produces and launches over one hundred new types of products to its

World War II Was A Drastic War - 1503 Words

World War II was a drastic war fought from 1939 to 1945 that affected society in many ways. Adolf Hitler’s attempts to take over the world by starting to attack neighboring countries triggered the start of this massive world war. Adolf Hitler became leader of Germany and this resulted in the country of Germany following the National Socialist Party or more commonly known as the Nazi Party. This party led the entire country to believe in many inhumane things that would go against the standards of humanity set forth by the public currently. The main idea that the Nazi party taught Germans of all ages is to treat Jewish people poorly. The Nazi party not only taught the adults that jews are unequal to all other citizens but they also taught the children living in the country. As a result of these views, the Germans closed and vandalised all businesses owned by jewish men, imprisoned jews, held many jews in concentration camps often being killed in gas chambers and mass murdering these jews. This situation in Germany is the main cause for all the conflicts within the book, â€Å"The Boy in the Striped Pajamas†. John Boyne made this book take place during the World War II era. The protagonist in the story is a nine year old boy named Bruno who is the son of a very important figure in the German Military. Bruno’s father s role in society is also a contributing factor in many of the conflicts that occur in the novel. The three main conflicts John Boyne writes about in â€Å"The Boy in theShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Women at Home in Ww1 and Ww21249 Words   |  5 Pagesrole of women at home during World War I and World War II. Before World War I and World War II, women at home had the roles of maintaining duties for their family and children, such as cleaning, caring for the house, and cooking for the family. They were more likely judged by their exquisiteness rather than their ability. Just before World War I began, women were beginning to break away from the traditional roles they had played at home. Throughout both World Wars, women in the United StatesRead MoreWorld War II, Usa s Involvement1508 Words   |  7 PagesChandler World History/ period 3 10 April 2015 World War II, USA’s involvement On December 7th 1941, Japan did horrific things to Pearl Harbor, a United States naval base on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. This event on the U.S., forced our country to join World War II and fight against the Japanese and their allies. I’m going to explain how the magnitude of the war required the U.S. to use every resource available and take drastic measures to ensure victory and end World War II. World War IIRead MoreLife At Home During World War I1443 Words   |  6 PagesLife at Home during World War I and World War II Introduction During World War I and World War II life back home changed excessively. Families were experiencing drastic changes as the absence of men affected not only families but the economy as well. When the soldiers went to fight in World War 1 and World War 2, women and children had to replace men in the workforce. There was an increase in those affected by the trauma of the wars, and the birth-rate had dropped during this time. FamilyRead MoreA Comparison of World War I and World War II Essay examples527 Words   |  3 PagesA Comparison of World War I and World War II World War I and World War II, while started by much of the same worldwide tensions, had drastically different results because of the much more destructive nature of World War II. Both world wars were started, ultimately, by nationalismRead MoreAmerica s World War II870 Words   |  4 PagesThere is no doubt that America’s World War II is a rich source of literature and a theme for many writers. As result, they wrote many works about war literature, such as novels, poetry, plays, diaries, and personal narrative. The American Literature was formed by the history of the state that produced it just like in other nationwide literature. America was just a cluster of colonies scattered alongside the eastern seaboard of the North American continent for approximately a centuryRead MoreLaw And The Institutions Of The European Communities1250 Words   |  5 PagesIn this book which was entitled, Law and the Institutions of the European Communities, written by D. Lasok and J. W. Bridge, examined the background and development of law, principles, and inter-relations within the European Communities. 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Upon his entrance into office after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 12, 1945, Truman was immediately confronted with one of the biggest challenges that come with presidency – affairs dealing with war efforts. Seven years already deep into the war with the Axis Powers, Truman’s presidential inauguration can now symbolize two drastic occasio ns in the history of our nation. Less than a month after Truman’sRead MoreThe Sociology Of War And Violence Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesTalking about war tends to make people feel emotional, feel a sort of adrenaline rush, mad, and even proud. These emotions can at times, in my opinion, bring groups together and separate others because of disagreements on views and beliefs. While it is not easy to talk to anyone about delicate topics such as this one, it is important to acknowledge how war can influence societal behavior and culture. Many can argue that war unites people, particularly speaking of the United States; a country is knownRead MoreUnited States And Soviet Union1221 Words   |  5 PagesFollowing World War II there was a lot of tension between two of the Allied countries. The United States and the Soviet Union were in a state of political and military tension with each other. Opposing ideologies on how to deal with the world’s affairs post World War II f ueled this rivalry but there was always a tension between the two countries. World War II, with its common goal, brought these two countries together as allies. With Hitler and the Nazis threating their way of living these two countries

Essay on Effective Inventory Management Process is Vital...

Inventory Management Processes Given the core nature of the problem, it is important to take a look at the different concepts for more efficient inventory management practices in order to reduce the WIP inventory at all stages. Inventory management is one of the key concerns for manufacturing set ups in order to be successful. Manufacturers suffer from inefficient inventory management because of their business settings. Many operational and structural conditions cause inappropriate inventory management and inventory related problems surface every now and then. Some suggested areas that can address the cause for this pile up of inventory at every stage are as follows- Information Systems Firms should have a good information system to view†¦show more content†¦All favourable characteristics of employees support an effective inventory management. Being well trained employees provides them with the skills to solve problems easily and to do their jobs in an effective and timely manner. Just providing them training is not enough by itself. It is a much deeper issue of providing them with a culture in which employees are disposed to use all their abilities, is necessary. Decision Making Process Performance Inventory management decisions are complicated since they are behind intuitive power of decision makers because there are many kinds of jointly involved systems that must be coordinated, rationalized, adapted and monitored, both physically and conceptually. Any decision about any production part is a decision that considers relations with similar parts, total inventory investment indicative of how much free cash company is available, the aggregate plan of the firm, production-distribution systems of vendors and customers, and entire economy. Faster, rational, scientific and adaptable decision-making are among significant performance indicators to monitor qualified procedures when inventory related decisions are being taken. Following a logical procedure during the scientific decision-making process does not only analyse decision alternatives sufficiently but also makes decisions faster. It is possible to make decisions faster only when decision-makingShow MoreRelatedTEN OPERATION MANAGEMENT DECISIONS1005 Words   |  5 Pagesof Operations management Operations management  refers to the administration of business practices to create the highest level of efficiency possible within an organization.  Operations management  is concerned with converting materials and labor into goods and services as efficiently as possible to maximize the profit of an organization. Operations management  is an area of  management  concerned with overseeing, designing, and controlling the process of  production  and redesigning  business operations  inRead MoreLean Manufacturing With Kanban System Implementation1462 Words   |  6 Pages Lean Manufacturing with Kanban System Implementation Abstract Article one is about Application of kanban system for managing inventory and it states that Lean manufacturing is a culture in which all employees continuously look for a Ways to improve processes. The present article also states that how company can use this tool for managing the inventory. Article two is about Application of Kanban system for implementing lean manufacturing and it provide a background on lean manufacturing, presentRead MoreFinancial Analysis : Operations Management1563 Words   |  7 PagesOperations management has been the most crucial part of a business since people started trading goods and services. Operations management deals with the development, manufacturing and production of the goods and services which are then marketed and sold in the market for a profit. It involves and oversees the research and development sectors all the way through production of the goods and services to meet the customers’ requirements. Simply stating, operations management deals with the responsibilityRead MoreManufacturing Company1731 Words   |  7 Pagesto upper management. This discussion reviews the basics of effective cost allocation, activity-based accounting and management, inventory costing methods, and methods for measuring results within the John son amp; Johnson. Communication is a vital management component to any organization. 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There haven’tRead MoreThe Supply Chain Management ( Scm )1080 Words   |  5 Pagesthinking about the idea of Supply Chain Management (SCM) there are two core ideas that can be taken into account. Nearly every product that is obtained by a consumer is done so through the efforts of multiple companies working collaboratively. Secondly, many companies within these systems have historically been focused only on what role they play individually. SCM strives to bridge the gap between companies and organizations by providing effective management of supply chain activities in a way thatRead MoreE-Supply Chain Problems and Solutions1486 Words   |  6 Pagesto e-Supply Chain 4 2.2 Problems of e-Supply Chain 5 2.3 Solutions to e-Supply Chain problems using technology 7 3. Conclusion 9 4. References / Bibliography 10 1. Introduction The use of effective and efficient supply chain has its advantages. 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The Effectiveness Of The Implementation Of Performance Management Free Essays

Purpose – The intent of this paper is to supply an overview of the manner the public presentation direction system is being implemented for Educators in State Secondary Schools in Mauritius, to measure its effectivity as a tool to better public presentation in secondary instruction in the populace sector and to do recommendations to policy shapers on countries necessitating betterment. Design/methodology/approach – Datas were obtained from studies of secondary school Educators in educational zone 3 of Mauritius ( n=245 ) . The research workers used chi-square trial, Pearson correlativity and factor analysis in order to measure whether the new system was carry throughing its intent and to associate apprehension of Performance Management System ( PMS ) to its effectivity in secondary schools. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effectiveness Of The Implementation Of Performance Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Findingss – The findings indicate that pedagogues in Education Zone 3 believe in the importance of the PMS to better quality of instruction. They agree that it is a good planned procedure up to the concluding assessment phase. There is a weak relationship between the sentiment of Educators on effectivity of the PMS and its really taking to school betterment. Career development programs did non organize portion of the PMS. They view the PMS as undependable to mensurate public presentation, drawn-out and clip devouring with no follow up on public presentation spreads and for developing demands of the appraised. PMS is implemented merely as another bureaucratic tool. Originality/Value – Bing the first research of its sort in the secondary instruction sector in Maurtius, this research might be of value to the Ministry of Education, every bit good as to Managers of Private Secondary Schools who wish to utilize the public presentation direction system as a tool to measure and better the public presentation of pedagogues and thereby take at ‘quality of instruction for all ‘ . Limitation – As merely secondary schools of zone 3 are in their 2nd twelvemonth of PMS, our sample was restricted to that zone merely. Cardinal words: Educators, Performance Management, Performance direction system, public presentation steps, State Secondary Schools, Mauritius. Introduction Globalization together with a competitory universe environment and developments in engineering have made it imperative for all sectors in the economic system to supply better services to their clients and secondary schools are no exclusion. The Government of Mauritius realized that human capital is an of import resource with which Mauritius has been endowed, and that optimal usage demands to be made of this resource in all sectors and the instruction sector was no exclusion. Being cognizant that public officers working in schools ( both primary and secondary ) need to be dynamic, proactive, vivacious, frontward looking, advanced, effectual, executing and consequences oriented, it became imperative to set in topographic point a system which would let non merely to measure the public presentation of Educators working in these schools but besides to analyse their preparation demands. In 1976, the authorities introduced free secondary instruction for one and all and in 2005, made instruc tion compulsory for all kids up to the age of 16 old ages. Since so, it has become the duty of the Educators working in secondary schools to bring forth citizens with the needed accomplishments and competences needed by the economic system. Bearing in head that the one-year budget for Performance Management for secondary instruction is Rs.1.2 million, it becomes imperative that authorities ensures that public financess are being decently used in order to run into the outlooks of the citizens. The vision of the Ministry of Education is ‘to provide Quality Education to All ‘ . To accomplish this vision it is of import that those who deliver the service in the instruction system execute to the best of their ability. Thus it becomes necessary non merely to measure the forces working in our secondary schools, but besides to look into their preparation demands. The PMS can let to function this double intent which was non being achieved through the present Performance Appraisal system i.e. the Confidential Reporting System in the Civil Service in Mauritius which dates back to colonial times. Confidential Reporting has been in topographic point since 1963 and amended twice since so in 1973 and 1979. However, as ment ioned above it is no longer functioning its intent due to its legion failings viz. , it is a cosmopolitan one tantrum system for all public officers, there is no engagement of the appraised and he is non made aware of his strengths and failings, therefore doing the system unjust and inconsistent, it has no yardstick to mensurate the grade of public presentation of assorted facets of the occupation as there are no fit professional criterions, all standards are assigned the same evaluation, thereby doing no difference between most of import and least of import standards, subjectiveness, prejudice and bias are ineluctable in this system of describing as it does non follow a scientific attack and the system is used merely for publicity and does non place the preparation demands of the officers in the visible radiation of ascertained public presentation. The restrictions of the Confidential Reporting System gave rise to the demand for better system whereby both valuator and appraisee would be taken on board. An effort was made to present a new public presentation assessment strategy in the mid-1990s but it failed likely due to its bad selling, which led to resistance from both Trade Unions and Public officers. Against this background, a Task Force on Performance Management was set up which created a Framework for all Departments/Ministries to follow corporate strategic planning and step accomplishment of organisational aims and divisional work marks against established public presentation indexs. The Draft Performance Management Framework stipulated that the assessment of employees should get down with a public presentation understanding based on a preset work program, continued with regular reappraisals and completed with a general reappraisal of public presentation, appraisal of development demands and acknowledgment of public presentation. In line with the recommendations of the Task Force on Performance Management, the Pay Research Bureau ( PRB ) study 2008 recommended inter alia that all Ministries/Departments should measure and reexamine sporadically their public presentation in relation to established marks ; they should follow and implement a Performance Review Scheme as an built-in portion of Performance Management on a uninterrupted footing ; and the Ministry of Civil Service and Administrative Reforms should move as a coordinating Ministry, responsible to spearhead the debut of the Performance Management System and instill a Performance orientated civilization in the Public Service. Furthermore, the PRB 2008 in its study recommends that as from fiscal twelvemonth 2011-2012: ( I ) increases may be granted three months before for employees who perform beyond the acceptable criterions systematically for a period of one twelvemonth and nine months ; and ( two ) more than one increase may be granted at a spell, say two increases, for uninterrupted outstanding public presentation for three back-to-back old ages. The PMS is still in its babyhood in State Secondary Schools being introduced in the educational system merely in 2008. Mauritius is divided into four educational zones and the navigation in secondary schools was done in all schools of educational zone 3 during the twelvemonth 2009 and in this current twelvemonth they are in their 2nd PMS rhythm whereas the secondary schools of the other 3 educational zones ( 1, 2 and 4 ) are in their first PMS rhythm. It is hence of import to analyze whether all stakeholders have the necessary cognition and apprehension of the Performance Management System, the nature of the current Performance Management agreements, the Performance Management Process, the Performance Measures in order to mensurate its effectivity in State Secondary Schools in Mauritius. 1.1 Knowledge and apprehension of PMS There are legion definitions of Performance Management, from the general position, as a agency for an organisation to recognize its aspiration ( IDeA, 2001 ) to the more specific one, aiming at single employees, directing and heightening their public presentation, therefore bettering organisational effectivity ( Williams, 2002 ) . However, the common characteristic of all definitions lies in the accomplishment of the organisations ‘s ends or aims: It is the procedure of bettering the quality and measure of work done and conveying all activity in line with an administration ‘s aims ( Bruno walters, 1995 ) . Harmonizing to the Local Government Improvement and Development, UK public presentation direction is ; taking action in response to existent public presentations to do results for users and the populace better than they would otherwise be. All these definitions merely give the intents of the Performance Management system. ( Armstrong and Baron, 2004 ) have stressed that public presentation direction is a tool to guarantee that directors manage efficaciously ; that they guarantee the people or squads they manage know and understand what is expected of them, have the accomplishments and ability to present on these outlooks, are supported by the organisation to develop the capacity to run into these outlooks, are given feedback on their public presentation and have the chance to discourse and lend to single and squad purposes and aims. It is besides approximately guaranting that directors themselves are cognizant of the impact of their ain behaviour on the people they manage and are encouraged to place and exhibit positive behavior. Execution of a Performance Management System will assist to obtain better consequences from persons, squads and the organisation as a whole as both valuator and appraisee understand and manage public presentation as per an agreed model for planned ends, aims, criterions and competences. This appears to be a more comprehen sive definition of Performance Management as it gives all the of import phases in public presentation direction but does non speak on placing public presentation spreads and supplying the necessary professional development. ( Armstrong, 1999 ) identifies the chief extra characteristics of public presentation direction as: the engagement of all members within the organisation as spouses in the procedure, concern with inputs ( competencies and accomplishments ) every bit good as end products, based upon understandings refering answerability and duty, concern with squad public presentation every bit good as single public presentation, uninterrupted procedure and non reliant on an one-year reappraisal, personal reappraisals focus on constructive patterned advance, betterment and development, recognizes the demand for preparation and dressed ores on ‘self managed ‘ larning ‘ , feedback is every bit much spontaneous as possible and non reliant on luxuriant signifiers. ( Engelmann A ; Roesch 1996 ) identified negative effects of ill designed and ill administered strategies as: hapless motive and ego regard because employees receive unequal feedback on their work public presentation, small or no focussed communicating about public presentation between directors and employees ; inefficient usage of directors ‘ clip and judicial proceeding over alleged prejudiced actions. The Performance Management Procedure: Performance direction means a shared committedness to high public presentation. It helps to concentrate attending on more effectual instruction and monitoring to raise the quality of learning and to profit students, instructors and the school. It means supplying appropriate and effectual personal preparation and development to guarantee occupation satisfaction, a high degree of expertness and patterned advance of staff in their chosen profession1. Performance Management is an on-going, synergistic procedure between an employee and his/her supervisor. It involves the undermentioned phases: Pre-appraisal – Planning and holding on Performance: The valuator discusses and records precedences and aims with each of the instructors in his/her squad and discusses how advancement will be monitored through a two manner communicating between valuator and appraisee. A work program is developed and agreed upon by both parties. Mid-appraisal – Pull offing Performance: At mid term of the stage, the appraisee is called upon to transport out a self rating of the accomplishments and public presentation spreads as per the work program, following which the valuator conducts a formal interview with the appraisee to reexamine and enter advancement made on the public presentation understanding and to inform him of the countries that need betterment. Final Appraisal – Reviewing Performance. At the terminal of the one twelvemonth rhythm, the valuator reappraisal, evaluates and paperss the public presentation of the appraisee during the appraisal period. The appraisee is called upon to one time once more self evaluate his/her public presentation against the work program agreed upon during the pre-appraisal phase. The valuator carries out a concluding interview to give the appraisee specific public presentation information in respect to good public presentation and to 1. [ Online ] available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.burford.oxon.sch.uk/policy/performancemanagementpolicy.htm [ Accessed on 13 November 2010 ] supply any pertinent suggestions for betterment, and action programs are developed in audience with both parties for lacking countries. This type of communicating and certification allows chance for an appraisede to adhere to the expected consequences for the station during the following appraisal twelvemonth. 1.3 Nature of current Performance Management System Effective public presentation direction requires consistently determinant and pass oning what needs to be done ( purposes, aims, precedences and marks ) , a program for guaranting that it happens ( betterment, action or service programs ) , some agencies of measuring if this has been achieved ( public presentation steps ) and information making the right people at the right clip ( public presentation coverage ) so determinations are made and actions taken2. The PMS ‘s function can be classified into three chief classs: ( a ) Strategic: consist the functions of pull offing scheme execution and ambitious premises ; ( B ) Communication: comprises the function of cheque place, following with the non negotiable parametric quantities, pass oning way, supplying feedback and benchmarking ; ( three ) Motivational: comprises the function of measuring and honoring behaviour and encouraging betterment and acquisition 1.3.1. Performance Management System in United Kingdom: Findingss of ( Andrew Brown, 2005 ) in ‘Implementing public presentation direction in England ‘s primary schools ‘ showed that considerable fluctuation exists among primary schools as to how they are implementing public presentation direction. This was due to confusion and uncertainness on the portion of all stakeholders refering the significance and intent of public presentation direction. He concludes that factors that influence the effectivity of public presentation direction in any one primary school are the extent to which: ( a ) the caput, instructors, governors and public presentation direction advisor have a common apprehension refering the significance of public presentation direction and the intents of presenting the enterprise into schools ; ( B ) all relevant stakeholder groups are suitably and sufficiently good trained to implement the enterprise ; ( degree Celsius ) the school ‘s organisational civilization is such that the determination to present a system of public presentation 2. [ Online ] available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do? pageId=4405770 [ Accessed on 13 November 2010 ] direction is perceived by the school ‘s caput, instructors and governors to be an appropriate and worthwhile one ; ( vitamin D ) the public presentation direction aims which the caput and instructors receive are sufficiently specific, mensurable, relevant and ambitious ; ( vitamin E ) the methods and indexs adopted to mensurate the public presentation direction aims of the caput and instructors are considered to be sufficiently varied and just ; ( degree Fahrenheit ) the construct of â€Å" overall public presentation † is sufficiently good defined, mensurable and accepted by both the valuators and appraisee ; ( g ) sufficient resources are available to implement instructors ‘ single professional development programs ; ( H ) the associated wage and wages systems are perceived to be both just and feasible. In short, England has a good established Performance system including Performance Thresholds, nevertheless, there is no consensus on whether fiscal inducements wo uld actuate instructors in advancing good instruction ( Croxson,2001 ) . 1.3.2 Performance Management System in New Zealand: Effective public presentation direction involves sharing an apprehension of what needs to be achieved and so pull offing and developing people in a manner that enables such shared aims to be achieved ( Dransfield, 2000 ) . In New Zealand, since 1997 public presentation assessment is compulsory for all instructors who are appraised against nine Professional Standards which include: professional cognition, professional development, learning techniques, pupil direction, motive of pupils, publicity of Te Reo Maori linguistic communication, effectual communicating, support for and cooperation with co-workers and part to wider school activities. These professional criterions aid to guarantee that employer and direction outlooks are clear and consistent across each school. Based on these criterions public presentation indexs are developed which require the school to place cardinal facets of public presentation ( that can be verified ) , fi nd what information is needed to measure public presentation against each of the professional criterions, make up one’s mind how public presentation is to be assessed ( the appraisal method/s ) , design methods for roll uping the public presentation information. Performance indexs are reviewed from clip to clip to guarantee they are still relevant and appropriate. The public presentation assessment is carried out which focuses on the nine professional criterions and leads to a written appraisal study for treatment and audience with the instructor. This public presentation assessment includes readying of a statement of aims which are discussed and agreed upon at the beginning of the public presentation direction rhythm. Then there is an interim assessment, the intent of which is to supervise advancement against professional criterions and to foreground success and turn to any concerns. It besides provides an chance to discourse and enter any alteration to the agreed public pre sentation outlooks. The reappraisal may affect observation of instruction, an interview and readying of an interim study. The following phase is the Final Appraisal whereby the valuator and appraisee meet to discourse the instructor ‘s public presentation over the twelvemonth based on professional criterions and indexs. The valuator informs the appraisee of the accomplishments and discusses what needs to be addressed in the undermentioned twelvemonth in footings of farther professional development. Teacher public presentation may besides include equal assessment, parent feedback, pupil feedback, pupils ‘ public presentation consequences and documental grounds such as lesson programs, appraisal records and resources used. Once instructors have met the appropriate degree of professional criterions they entree the 2nd tranche of salary rates ( Ozga, 2003 ) . Principals may postpone patterned advance for instructors who have non met the professional criterions at the appropr iate degree during the assessment period but so they must set in topographic point a plan for support and development to help the instructor to run into the criterions. If a instructor disagrees with the recess of the salary increase the instructor may, within 14 working yearss of being notified of the deferral seek a review3. However, ( Carol Cardno, 1999 ) states that in New Zealand the public presentation direction system has non good started and has non improved the public presentation of instructors and pupils. The New Zealand policy resembles closely our Mauritanian system, whereby the primary intent is to supply a model for bettering quality of learning. There the school board is responsible for seting in topographic point an assessment procedure with appropriate professional development orientation ( Cardno, 1999 ) . ( Rohento, 1992 ) found that instructors supported the debut of pecuniary inducements, and believed that a performance-related wage strategy would increase their attempt and have a positive consequence on student attainment. Harmonizing to some caputs, although the public presentation direction was non used to penalize hapless executing instructors, it was a utile agencies of placing and turn toing countries of failings with instructors ( Burgess et al, 2001 ) . 3.Draft National Guidelines for Performance Management in Schools, Ministry of Education, 1995. 1.3.3 Performance Management System in Malaysia and Canada Malaysia has adopted a Result-based Management Approach ( RBM ) , which focuses on systematic and structured public presentation direction, whereby, the Intergrated Performance Management Framework ( IPMF ) helps in being results-oriented in plan planning and delivery4. Canada is in its early phase on public presentation direction which has replaced the â€Å" Supporting Teaching Excellence † which was the instructor public presentation assessment policy. The policy model for pull offing people is effectual as of July 2010. It applies to the nucleus public disposal and is said to necessitate sustained leading and investing of clip and money5. 1.3.4 Performance Management System in Mauritius In the Mauritian context small research has been done as the PMS is still in its early phase. The lone research on the effectivity of Performance Management System has been carried out by ( Chittoo and Ramphul, 2006 ) in the Health Sector where they claim that Performance Management in the instance of Mauritanian infirmaries is still a implausible thought because irrespective of how good a technique it is, there is a fright to implement it due to swerve deficit of staff who still have to fulfill the clients to the ‘extent possible ‘ . The execution of public presentation direction may do affairs worse in the present state of affairs. The failings and prejudices that can do the PMS to neglect include absence of engagement, organisation civilization, low dignity, high outlooks and inaccurate evaluations ( Lukheenarain, ( 2009 ) . Published in a imperativeness article, caput instructors and school principals are said to be kicking about an overload of paperwork. Performance Management is seen as a good thing where instructors can hold their say in their public presentation assessment, nevertheless, tonss of administrative work coming with the system, can be a hurdle6. Effectiveness and Efficiency ( Anthony and Young, 1994 ) argue that efficiency and effectivity are the two key standards for judging public presentation. Effectiveness is seen as the relationship between an organisation ‘s end product and its aims ( results or consequences ) and efficiency as the ratio of end products to inputs ( e.g. disbursals ) , or the sum of end product per unit of input. In add-on, ‘Economy ‘ ( i.e. inputs ) is frequently added to finish what is normally referred to as the ‘Three Es ‘ of public presentation measuring ( Hyndman A ; Anderson, 1997, Boland and Fowler, 2000 ) . To enable the rating of economic system, efficiency and effectivity, it is necessary to mensurate inputs, end products and results ( or consequences ) . However, in public sector organisations which frequently have multiple, long term non-financial aims focused on social impact, it can turn out hard to mensurate the ‘three Es ‘ and hence hard to measure public presentation ( Hyndman A ; Anderson, 1997 ) . ( Neely, Kennerley and Martinez, 2004 ) reported that there has been much prescription sing the design of PMS but really small consideration of whether such systems really work ( Neely et all, 2004 ; France A ; Bourne, 2003 ) . It is deserving observing that Speckbacher et Al ( 2003 ) have reported that 8 % of 174 German talking states decided non to implement a Performance Measurement System because they could non see the advantages or ‘positive impact ‘ particularly given the attempt required to implement such systems. The above literature reappraisal raises a figure of inquiries that are relevant to this survey. In peculiar whether public presentation direction in schools leads to improved public presentation or merely answerability. It is merely through a farther research on the effectivity of public presentation direction for pedagogues in State Secondary that it would be possible to convey out the strengths and failings of the system and aid to do recommendations to the governments on how to better the system so every bit to carry through the vision of the Ministry of Education of ‘Quality instruction for All ‘ and besides do it sustainable in all province secondary schools in the hereafter. Hypothesis The Performance Management System for Educators in State Secondary Schools, if decently understood and implemented will assist to better School Effectiveness in footings of both pupil and instructor public presentation. Methodology 2.1 Purpose of the survey The research paper has assorted aims. First given the increased accent on public presentation direction in Mauritius following the defects of the Confidential Reporting system, the paper examines the extent to which both Educators and Curates have a cognition and apprehension of the Performance Management System. Second it provides an overview of how the current public presentation direction system is being implemented in secondary schools in Education Zone 3 in Mauritius. Third it looks into how assorted standards used in the measuring of single public presentation in schools are related to teacher attitudes and perceptual experiences. It probes into the strengths and weaknesses/problems and troubles being encountered both by valuator and appraisee in the execution of the system. Last it makes an attempt to measure the effectivity of the Performance Management System as it is presently implemented in province secondary schools and do an effort at explicating recommendations to polic y shapers on the betterments needed to do this system sustainable in secondary schools in the hereafter. The usage of multiple methods in a survey secures in-depth apprehension of the phenomenon in inquiry because it adds energy, comprehensiveness and deepness to the probe ( Cresswell, 1994:174 ; Denzin A ; Lincoln, 1998:163 ; Salomon, 1991: 10 ) . Therefore, both quantitative and qualitative informations aggregation techniques were used. Research Design: The research documented in this paper relied on informations obtained from both primary and secondary beginnings. Survey Questionnaire: The quantitative attack involved a questionnaire study, because it helps to garner informations at a peculiar clip with the purpose of depicting the nature of bing conditions ( Cohen A ; Manion, 1995:83 ) . Questionnaires were used for both Educators and Rectors and included chiefly closed inquiries and three unfastened ended inquiries. For the closed inquiries the Likert graduated table was used. The questionnaire foremost asked for demographic informations such as age, gender, station held and old ages of experience in the station. Then respondents were asked inquiries on their cognition and apprehension of the Performance Management System. Next, respondents were asked their positions on the nature of the current Performance Management System agreements at their school, the Performance Management procedure and the standards used in the measuring of single public presentation. Open ended inquiries related to the strengths and failings of the current Performan ce Management System at their school and the betterments they would wish to see in the present system. The questionnaires were designed in a logical and specific mode to accomplish the necessary consequences. The subsequent stairss were pursued in the undermentioned order: Shaping ends and aims, planing the methodological analysis, finding feasibleness, developing the instruments, choosing a sample, carry oning a pilot trial, revising the instruments, carry oning the research, analysing the information and devising recommendations. Questions for both classs were dispensed on a pilot footing in one school and necessary amendments were made. Interviews: In add-on to questionnaires, qualitative information was collected through semi structured interviews with Curates and the Zone Director in order to acknowledge their perceptual experiences on the effectivity of the Performance Management System in Secondary Schools in Zone 3 and notes were taken. The notes consisted of statements and remarks made by the interviewees which were identified as being important and of import. Triangulation: While questionnaires and interviews were the primary methods of informations aggregation, the secondary methods of informations aggregation included survey of statistics from the Ministry of Education and other relevant paperss such as the Performance Management Guide by the Ministry of Civil Service Affairs, the Pay Research Bureau Report 2008 and the Confidential Reporting system. 2.3 Participants In Mauritius, there are 3439 Educators ( appraisee ) and 63 Curates ( valuators ) in State Secondary Schools over the island. For the intent of this research the mark population consisted of 660 Educators ( appraised ) and 12 Curates ( Appraisers ) working in State Secondary Schools in Zone 3 as they are the lone secondary schools which are finishing their 2nd PMS rhythm, the first one holding been completed on a pilot footing in 2009. Zones 1, 2 and 4 have non yet completed a full Performance Management rhythm. Questionnaires were administered to 280 Educators and Curates from 8 province secondary schools, who formed the sample population. 245 Educators and all 8 Curates responded favorably. Semi-structured interviews were held with the 8 Curates and the Zone Director who is by and large responsible for the overall direction of different schools in this Zone. 2.4 Analysis Techniques Chi square trial, Pearson correlativity and Factor analysis are carried. The consequences are used to mensurate the cognition and apprehension of both Educators and Rectors of the current Performance Management System, its procedure, the importance of its different standards in the measuring of the public presentation of persons, respondents ‘ attitudes and perceptual experiences on the public presentation steps, the strengths and failings of present Performance Management System and the betterments they deemed necessary. These findings are so related to the literature findings. They are analyzed in order to judge the efficiency of the present system so as to explicate necessary recommendations for policy shapers to do it more effectual and sustainable as a agency of mensurating public presentation of all Educators in Secondary schools in Mauritius. Datas Analysis Questionnaire informations were computerized utilizing SPSS package. Open ended inquiries were categorized harmonizing to the response. For the structured interviews, qualitative informations, forms and classs were identified and described. Validity was ensured through triangulation whereby study informations from pedagogues were verified with study informations from curates and farther supplemented by the interviews of the Rectors and the Zone Director. 3. Findingss The perceptual experiences of the effectivity of the execution of PMS in our State Secondary schools are discussed and linked with the literature harmonizing to the undermentioned classs: cognition and apprehension of PMS ; nature of current PMS agreements ; Performance Management Process ; public presentation steps ; and PMS from an administrative point of position. Educators who responded to the questionnaire have a average age of 36.4 ( SD=0.889 ) , an mean old ages of 8.2 ( SD=1.48 ) old ages of learning experience, 58.5 % of whom were female and 18.3 % held place of duty as caput of section. They were all appraised by their curate. 3.1 Knowledge and apprehension of PMS Figure 1. Knowledge and apprehension of PMSQuestions were framed harmonizing to literature findings as referred to in Figure 1. The survey has revealed that more than 50 % of pedagogues believe in the importance of PMS for set uping a high public presentation civilization, concentrating on end product and procedures of accomplishing consequences and bettering the procedure of instruction and acquisition. As Walter ( 1995 ) stated, PMS is the procedure of bettering the quality and measure of work done and conveying all activity in line with an administration ‘s aims. 3.2 Nature of current PMS agreements An analysis of the public presentation direction procedures and activities in the school provides an apprehension of the execution of PMS. 74.5 % of pedagogues believe that PMS is a good planned procedure. One of the purposes of PMS in to better public presentation of schools. Harmonizing to Jenny Ozga ( 2003 ) , the nucleus premises of public presentation direction are that public presentation degrees in the public sector can be raised, that is to do the schools on Scotland more efficient and effectual than in Finland. Reliance on mark scene and monitoring as a cardinal component of the direction of instructors rises concern about the possible distorting effects of marks on relationship between instructors and directors, and on instructors ‘ definition of their nucleus undertaking. Teachers and caputs experience under force per unit area to show good public presentation. This position was besides reflected in our survey, the sentiment of pedagogues on effectivity of PMS in the ir school and whether current PMS agreement leads to betterment in public presentation of school have been analysed utilizing cross tabular matter and Chi-square ( I†¡2 ) trial to happen out if there is an association between these two variables. The formulated hypothesis is H0, there is no association between sentiment on effectivity of PMS and PMS really taking the betterment in public presentation and H1, there is an association between sentiment on effectivity of PMS and PMS really taking the betterment in public presentation. Table 1 shows that bulk of pedagogues do non hold that PMS leads to betterment ( 33.1 % ) and are decrepit linked to school effectivity ( 40 % ) . I†¡2 50.248 with grades of freedom 8. Probability ( 0 ) is 5 % . Therefore at 5 % degree of signifigance H0 is rejected and we accept H1. Cramer ‘s V value being 0.320 shows weak relationship between the two. Table 1. PMS arrangement – betterment in school public presentation * Opinion of PMS as appraisee Crosstabulation Opinion of PMS as appraisee Entire Not effectual Reasonably uneffective Neither effectual nor uneffective Reasonably effectual really effectual Disagree Count 11 11 26 11 1 60 Expected Count 5.9 5.9 19.8 24.2 4.2 60.0 Neither agree nor disagree Count 12 12 33 44 3 104 Expected Count 10.2 10.2 34.4 42.0 7.2 104.0 Agree Count 1 1 22 44 13 81 Expected Count 7.9 7.9 26.8 32.7 5.6 81.0 Entire Count 24 24 81 99 17 245 Expected Count 24.0 24.0 81.0 99.0 17.0 245.0 In the survey on â€Å" Implementing public presentation direction in England † s primary school † , ( Brown, 2005 ) , 24 out of 30 headteachers considered the public presentation direction preparation which they have received as unsatisfactory and most of the instructors stated that there was no formal preparation in public presentation direction. Merely 20 % of curates ( 8 in all ) and 25 % of pedagogues ( 247 in all ) agree that sufficient preparation was given before execution of PMS, and they believe that the preparation was non effectual and excessively brief ( based to open ended inquiries and interview ) . Training on PMS is believed to be deficient, there has been no farther preparation or follow up and new recruits are non offered any signifier of preparation or briefing. PMS, so far, has non helped to better school effectivity or pupil public presentation. They are non confident about the success and sustainability of PMS. Once the PMS rhythm is over, there is no coverage and follow up and pedagogues are non offered developing harmonizing to their demands. The biggest job they are confronting is clip restraint, to follow single pedagogue and transport out one to one interview. Interviews carried out with curates gave farther penetrations into the execution of PMS. All curates believe that PMS is an of import tool for estimating public presentation and guaranting answerability. PMS is seen as really much adapted to the new direction paradigm, quality confidence and undertaking based budgeting ( PBB ) . It is being implemented without major jobs, all staff are join forcesing, there is no job with the work program, midterm assessment and terminal of twelvemonth assessment. Everything is being done satisfactorily and curates find PMS better than the â€Å" confidential study † . They view PMS as bettering collegiality and believe that with clip it will further better. However, it is done automatically because they all know that they have to follow. 3.3 Performance Management Process Harmonizing the survey on ‘Teacher perceptual experience of the effectivity of instructor assessment in Botswana ‘ ( Monyatsi, 2006 ) , bulk of respondents ( 44.7 % ) agreed that assessment procedure in Botswana motivates instructors. However, in our survey on the province secondary schools in zone 3 merely 20 % of pedagogues find PMS utile and the bulk ( 66 % ) are apathetic to public presentation direction but go through the gestures. 52 % of the respondents agree that the valuator invites self-appraisal and uses congratulations to actuate pedagogues. Confidentiality and trust issues, particularly in relation to appraisal coverage and who has entree to the information was one on the participants concern, ( Cardno, 1999 ) . 57.2 % of the pedagogues responded positively when asked whether they trust PMS procedure in their school and 75 % feel that confidentiality is maintained throughout the PMS procedure. This shows that confidentiality and trust is non an issue in our s chools. An analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) is used to compare current PMS taking to betterment in public presentation of pedagogues to the existent assessment procedure is given in table 2 below. As the homogeneousness of discrepancy trial ( .000, .001, .019 ) is lt ; .05, the ANOVA tabular array was constructed as shown in table 2. The significance value being lt ; 0.05, we reject the void hypothesis and accept that there is a difference between the current PMS agreements taking to betterment in public presentation of pedagogue and the assessment mechanism carried out by the curate as promoting for pedagogues. Table 2. ANOVA to compare current PMS taking to betterment in pedagogue public presentation and the existent assessment mechanism by utilizing congratulations, discuss public presentation and non personality and encourages self-appraisal. Sum of Squares ( combined ) df Mean Square F Sig. Curates use congratulations to do motivate pedagogues 46.599 2 23.300 19.481 .000 Curates discuss public presentation non personality 35.246 2 17.623 15.834 .000 Rector invites self assessment 45.989 2 22.995 24.768 .000 Brown ( 2005 ) besides investigated how PMS would assist to better professional development of instructors. The positions of both caputs and instructors were assorted. On the positive side, some instructors felt that a formal one-year reappraisal, to reflect on assorted facets of their public presentation enabled them and their leader to jointly explicate a extremely individualized development program. However, it was reported that even though an appropriate program had been formulated, it had non been implemented due to shortage of clip and resources. One of the premier importance of PMS is staff development. Khim Ong Kelly et Al ( 2007 ) stated that there are important challenges in efficaciously measuring the aptitude of instructors for different calling paths and in measuring what constitutes good public presentation. In England primary schools, ( Brown,2005 ) , the positions of both caputs and instructors about public presentation direction assisting to better professional devel opment of instructors are assorted. The boxplot ( Figure 2 ) show a normal unskewed distribution with 32 % response as impersonal, same applies for public presentation reappraisal being a preparation program for each pedagogue. This shows that the same uncertainness applies to our system. Table 3. Rotated Component Matrix Component 1 Problem work outing accomplishments .787 Duty .756 Versatilty .755 Leadership .739 Planing .730 Strategic thought .710 Technical cognition .703 1 Strongly disagree-15 % 2 somewhat disagree-14 % 3 neither agree nor disagree34 % 4 somewhat agree-32 % 5 strongly agree-4 % 3.4 Performance steps One ground for replacing the confidential study is because it has no yardstick to mensurate the grade of public presentation of assorted facets of the occupation as there are no fit professional criterions. Furthermore, there is general consensus from all the research conducted that the ends of public presentation direction system or assessment are to better quality and answerability. In their survey, Chittoo and Ramphul ( 2006 ) , referred to the systems attack with the 3e ‘s – economic system, efficiency and effectivity. However, the extent to which this mark is achieved remains blurred due to restraints such as clip, fiscal resources and staff. The great bulk ( around 80 % ) of respondents agree that the standards in the measuring of single public presentation ( student focal point, competency, attending and promptness, communicating accomplishments and others ) are of import or critical. Factor analysis was carried out to happen out which PMS measures pedagogues see to be more of import. The 26 PMS steps rated by the respondents were considered in this trial which is applicable as the determiner ( 1.11 ) is greater than 1A-10-5. Table 3 shows the revolved constituent matrix with some PMS steps in footings of precedence as seen by the pedagogues. It is interesting to observe that the first three steps are related to personality traits and accomplishments. However, 60-70 % pedagogues believe that PMS is undependable to mensurate public presentation, is drawn-out and clip consuming, with excessively much paper work and that there has non been follow up for the preparation demands identified during assessments. These findings are confirmed utilizing bivariate correlativity trial. At 1 % degree of significance ( two-tailed ) , there is a weak but negative correlativity ( Pearson Coefficient ( R ) is -0.002 ) between the standards to be assessed and the manner of appraisal in PMS. 3.5 PMS from an Administrative point of position This survey confirms information published in local imperativeness article, that is PMS is seen as a good thing but tonss of administrative work coming with the system can be a hurdle. The Zone Director monitors the execution of PMS in the schools. She confirmed that all schools in zone 3 are implementing PMS as instructed. Curates do kick about PMS being clip devouring but they all managed to finish the procedure. However, she is non satisfied with the execution of PMS, accent is laid on measure, guaranting that PMS is implemented in all schools, but there is no quality, no clip for analysis of public presentation, rating and proper coverage. The Ministry is concerned with the completion and entry of the PMS, but there is no construction for follow up and developing. As Lukheenarain ( 2009 ) stated, certain failings and prejudices can do PMS to neglect, some of them as revealed by our survey are: no analysis, no follow up and deficiency of support from higher governments, no clear g uidelines of what to make after one PMS rhythm, deficiency of forces and clip restraints. The strength of PMS is that pedagogues and curates are cognizant of what that are supposed to make harmonizing to their work program, they hence make the necessary attempt to accomplish their cardinal consequence countries by executing the cardinal undertakings. The Zone Director is unable to state if some schools are making better than others because of PMS as there is no analysis done, but she believes that if done decently with an appropriate mechanism for analysis, preparation and coverage, PMS is traveling to be fruitful. The whole PMS needs reappraisal, harmonizing to her it has to be seamster made for instruction sector and should be user friendly and attractive for both valuator and appraisee. To do PMS sustainable, at the terminal of each rhythm there should be a mechanism for coverage, analysis and forming preparation Sessionss to make full in the public presentation spreads identifie d. Furthermore, some pedagogues proposed the debut of wage related public presentation in order to actuate and promote them to follow the system. We would wish to thank Mrs R. Koomar for her valuable aid and back up throughout this research paper. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. The intent of this paper, as stated at the beginning, has been to look at the effectivity of the execution of public presentation direction system for pedagogues in province secondary schools of educational zone 3. All schools in Zone 3 are implementing PMS as instructed by the Ministry of Education and Human Resources. The bulk of pedagogues believe that execution of PMS can be good as it will set up a high public presentation civilization in the instruction system. However, the bulk of pedagogues in Zone 3 are apathetic to PMS but merely follow with another bureaucratic standard. Analysis has shown that execution of PMS is non linked to effectiveness in the sector. This survey shows that all those involved should possess the cognition and apprehension of its intents, procedures and step, if the whole procedure is to be effectual. There is a deficit of work force to work on public presentation direction system in schools and therefore it is seen as an extra undertaking. Curates and pedagogues likewise in Zone 3 believe that execution of public presentation direction system has resulted in more paper work instead than concrete action. There is no proper staff development follow up in topographic point and as a consequence pedagogues and curates feel PMS has non produced the coveted results. Allotment of financess and proper preparation are non in topographic point to run into the demands of pedagogues and curates likewise. Emphasis is laid on completion of the public presentation direction rhythm and the results are kept in shortss and no proper actions taken to rectify any failings or reward those who are executing to the satisfaction of the top direction. Bearing in head the benefits which the public presentation direction system can convey to bettering the effectivity of services in province secondary schools, the undermentioned steps should be looked at and set in topographic point. Curates and pedagogues should be given more appropriate preparation on public presentation direction system which is tailored to the demands of instruction. It should be related to pay ; extrinsic wages can assist to better pedagogues ‘ public presentation. Educators who are executing outstandingly should be rewarded with another increase on the wage spinal column that is the pedagogue can leap two graduated tables on the wage ladder. There should be more committedness from the top degree of disposal ; the Ministry of Education should be committed non merely to measure ( figure of schools who have completed the rhythm ) but besides to quality of the results. It will add drift and motivate staff to take public presentation direction more earnestly. The Ministry should look into geting more financess for formal and on-going preparation. Professional development of the staff should be given due consideration so that pedagogues can profit from it and happen the exercising of public presentation direction system fruitful. Protected clip should be given to the valuator and appraise likewise so that they both can give due consideration PMS. Regular update should be held at regular intervals during the twelvemonth so that all freshly recruited pedagogues and curates are acquainted with the system. PMS should be reviewed, updated at sensible periods so as to aline it with the vision of the Ministry of Education of â€Å" Quality instruction for All ‘ . Further research on the topic should be encouraged by the Mauritius Research Council, the University of Mauritius, the University of Technology, Mauritius and other third establishments through the Student Research Grant Scheme as proposed in the Budget for 2011 and recommendatio ns made should be studied and implemented where executable. Professional Standards for Educators should be worked out in coaction with this cell because it is good known in direction that if the person/s who are traveling to be affected by policy determinations are taken on board in the treatment phase, they feel a committedness to the determination and will seek to stay by them and make the ends set. Those non making the set marks should non be regarded as ‘ failures ‘ , instead they should be given in service and professional development classs to assist make full the public presentation spreads identified during the execution phase. Use of engineering can be of aid in cut downing the excess paperwork. How to cite The Effectiveness Of The Implementation Of Performance Management, Essay examples

Impact - Importance - Marketing Techniques and Risks

Question: Describe about the Impact, Importance, Marketing Techniques and Risks. Answer: Introduction: E-commerce has spread its wings all across the globe at a rapid rate over the past few years. It has emerged as a challenge for the brick and mortar based retail industries to be at par with the e-commerce platform. There has been a shift from the traditional practices that were followed in the business to the new and improved e-commerce processes. Along with the retailers, e-commerce has also largely impacted the consumers. Impact of E-commerce on Retail Industry: There has been a great impact of e-commerce on the retail industry. Brick and mortar based retailers and wholesalers are now compelled to sell their products on an online portal looking at the general trend in the market and among the consumers. Following are the impacts that the retail industry has faced upon the success of e-commerce. The density of sales for the retailers has largely dropped over the past few years. There is an additional expenditure that has come up for the retailers in order to create strategies to be at par with the e-commerce counterpart. The margins have also dropped due to increase in fixed costs and capital expenditure (Dalal, 2014). For the Business-to-Business trading, a large number of brands are now collaborating with the e-commerce websites and web-based portals to conduct their sales. There are also huge discounts that are offered on the e-commerce platform which is otherwise not seen at the retailer end. For the Business-to-Consumer trading, a large population of the consumers now prefers the online based exchange of goods rather than visiting the shop at the retailer end (Jstor.org, 2016). Importance of Customer Information for E-commerce Business: Customer information is a vital piece that holds great importance as far as e-commerce is concerned. By keeping an account of the customer information, it becomes easy for the e-commerce experts to analyze the choice and preference of the consumer through the business intelligence and data analytics. Also, the target customers for a particular product type can be predicted with the use of customer information. Marketing strategy is also developed keeping the customer information in consideration. For instance, if a customer is interested in a particular product type and is seen purchasing the same kind of product time and again, then the customer information such as contact number or email address is used to alert the customer in occurrence of special deal or offer. It helps in achieving better sales and also engages the customer with the brand. It also helps in solving customer grievances in a timely fashion by keeping an account of customer information. Issues revolving around payment, shipment, delay in delivery or product feedback can be easily recorded with the help of customer information. The same is also used to improve upon the areas wherein the customer does not feel satisfied or well-served. The task is covered in the maintenance and management of customer relationship (Pigford, 2013). Marketing Techniques of E-commerce: Marketing strategy is a significant entity that is a must in the present world of fierce competition in the market. Following are the reasons that mark the importance of a well-defined and well-planned marketing strategy: For generating an interest and craze among the consumers in regards to a new brand or a new product before it actually enters in the market. For improving the sales associated with a particular product. Customer relationship is also covered in the marketing strategy which helps in attaining better customer loyalty and customer satisfaction. To gain a competitive edge among the others in the market and to establish a strong name as well (Zorzini, 2015). There are a number of marketing strategies that are followed and used in the e-commerce world. Some of these strategies are as listed below. Content Marketing Strategy: It is always said that content is the king. Content Marketing Strategy is based upon the same guideline as it is important to have quality content in place in order to attract more and more consumers. Before the product is launched in the market, it is essential to create a buzz about it and the key to the same is content in the form of blogs, pictures, audios and videos that are circulated all over. It makes people aware about the brand or a product before it is actually introduced in the market Email Marketing Campaign: This is the marketing strategy where customer information and its importance come in the picture. Email addresses of the customers from the database are used to spread the information about the new product. The marketing campaign makes use of a series of emails informing the consumers about the product details and the launch date (Roberge, 2016). Social Media Marketing: Social media as a marketing platform is the latest addition to the marketing technique. Although it is a newer concept but social media marketing has marked itself as one of the most important marketing technique that has become a mandate for e-commerce platform. Promotion of a brand or a product on social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram is now must and requires a dedicated team for the task. Personalization Strategy: The human element is always missing from e-commerce and the way business is done under it. The gap is filled with the personalization strategy as the consumers always have an element doubt with the companies they have never heard of in the past. Strategies like addressing the customer with his/her first name in the email give a personal touch and make the customer more connected with the brand. Loyalty Program: Loyal program is also a new concept which includes providing reward points or cash back to the customers once they make a purchase. This helps in making the customers stick to a particular e-commerce website and also helps in developing huge customer base. Security Issues with E-commerce: There are a number of advantages and importance of e-commerce practices both for the business and for the consumer. On the other hand, there are also a number of security issues that come with e-commerce that need serious attention. Following are the requirements that need to be fulfilled for the security of the information on an e-commerce platform. Privacy: The information that is present on the e-commerce portal must not be accessible by the unauthorized users. Integrity: The information must only be modified or altered by the authorized set of users. Authentication: For every single functionality and feature there are user privileges that must be granted. For the users that do not have the permission to perform a certain activity should not be allowed to perform the same. Non-repudiation: An acknowledgement must be generated to ensure that the information that was meant to be received has been correctly received (ORaghallaigh, 2016). Security Threats and Attacks: Denial of Service Attacks: These are the attacks when the service becomes unavailable due to generation of an unnecessary traffic towards a particular service. Phlashing: It is also known as the permanent denial of service attack in which the attackers cause such damage to the system that it demands replacement of the hardware or the re-installation of the same. There are unauthorized changes made to the firmware. Brute Force Attacks: These are the attacks in which all the possible combinations are attempted to break in to the cryptographic encryption of the system. Phishing: In these attacks masquerading of the user is done to gain vital and private information such as username, password and other confidential information. These details are then used to enter in to the system in an unauthorized manner. Measures to enhance the Security of E-commerce Platforms: Firewall: Firewall is a wall that is created between the system and network that filters the exchange of information between the two parties. Unauthorized access is avoided with the help of firewalls. Strong Passwords: Use of strong passwords makes it difficult for the attackers to break in the security of the system. There are a number of password combinations which include a defined length and presence of varied type of characters that are difficult to crack. Also, one time passwords which are sent to the users email address or phone number makes it extremely tedious for the attacker to hack the password. Use of SSL SSL stands for Secure Socket Layer which is a protocol that enhances the security of the data transmitted over web. It makes use of cryptographic techniques for securing the information with the help of both the public and the private keys. HTTPS: HTTPS is an enhancement of HTTP and stands for secure hyper text transfer protocol. It is used to make the web pages secure by avoiding the attacks by the intruders. Role of Social Media in E-commerce: Social media as described above has emerged as an important platform for marketing and also for maintain customer relationship post product launch. There are a number of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram which are used by the e-commerce associates to manage and maintain the customer interaction. These platforms are used to understand customer choice and preferences and are also used to enhance the customer involvement. Features such as product rating, customer feedback and issues are collected over the social media platform and it enables the customers to feel more connected towards a particular brand. Apart from the marketing medium, it is also used to address and maintain the relationship with the customer after the product is launched in the market (Sharma, 2015). Recommendations E-commerce is beneficial to one and all if it is correctly used and implemented. It is recommended to use to the newer marketing strategies such as social media marketing but the focus should not be minimized from the traditional marketing practices. This is because there are still a lot many customers that resist adapting the e-commerce business practices. Also, the security of the e-commerce platform can be enhanced with the use of anti-virus and internet security software. Both the software must be installed at all the network entry points to ensure that the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the information in not at all impacted. Conclusion: E-commerce is the platform that has evolved in the recent years and has taken the market by storm. There has been a huge impact of e-commerce on both Business-to-Business and Business-to-Consumer trading practices. Retail industry has had a great transformation with the launch of e-commerce processes and techniques. Customer importance plays an important role in the world of e-commerce and there are a number of marketing techniques that are available such as social media marketing, personalization strategy, email marketing campaign, loyalty program and many more. With so many benefits of e-commerce, there are also a few concerns associated with the concept with security as a primary concern out of all. There are a number of security threats that e-commerce is prone to which may adversely affect the privacy, availability and confidentiality of the information. Attacks such as denial of service, brute force attack and phishing are now very common which can be tackled by the use of stro ng security mechanisms. References: Dalal, M. and Tandon, S. (2014). E-commerce boom hurts brick-and-mortar retailers. [online] https://www.livemint.com/. Available at: https://www.livemint.com/Industry/f6eARBcJOWrTZTzuDcZZzI/Ecommerce-boom-hurts-brickandmortar-retailers.html [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Bakos, Y., Lucas, H., Oh, W., Simon, G., Viswanathan, S. and Weber, B. (2005). The Impact of E-Commerce on Competition in the Retail Brokerage Industry. 1st ed. [ebook] Information Systems Research. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23015803?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Pigford, J. (2013). Why customer data is important for your ecommerce business. [online] The BigCommerce Blog. Available at: https://www.bigcommerce.com/blog/customer-data-important-ecommerce/ [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Meyer, C. (2013). E-commerce boom triggers transformation in retail logistics. 1st ed. [ebook] Jones Lang LaSalle. Available at: https://www.jll.com/Research/eCommerce_boom_triggers_transformation_in_retail_logistics_whitepaper_Nov2013.pdf [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. E-commerce and the Market Structure of Retail Industries. (2009). 1st ed. [ebook] uchicago.edu. Available at: https://home.uchicago.edu/syverson/ecommerce.pdf [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Steel, W., Daglish, T., Marriott, L., Gemmell, N. and Howell, B. (2011). E - Commerce and its effect upon the Retail Industry and Government Revenue. 1st ed. [ebook] ISCR. Available at: https://booksellers.co.nz/sites/default/files/E-Commerce-and-its-effect-upon-the-Retail-Industry-and-Government-Revenue.pdf [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Zorzini, C. (2016). 50 Unbeatable Ecommerce Marketing Tips for 2016. [online] Ecommerce Platforms. Available at: https://ecommerce-platforms.com/articles/50-unbeatable-ecommerce-marketing-tips [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. ORaghallaigh, E. (2010). Security Issues in E-Commerce. [online] Webscience.ie. Available at: https://webscience.ie/blog/2010/security-issues-in-e-commerce/ [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Roberge, M. (2009). Internet Marketing Strategies for Ecommerce Websites. 1st ed. [ebook] Hubspot. Available at: https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/53/file-13204589-pdf/docs/internet-marketing-strategies-for-ecommerce-websites-webinar-slides.pdf [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Sharma, L. (2015). Essential Role of Social Media Networking in Ecommerce. [online] Socialnomics. Available at: https://socialnomics.net/2015/09/15/essential-role-of-social-media-networking-in-ecommerce/ [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016].

Debut Albums and Best Thing free essay sample

Everyone has that one thing theyve always wanted to do or that fear they want to conquer. Sometimes that one thing youve always wanted to do could end up being the best thing youve ever done. You only have one life so you either make all your dreams come true while you have it or you waste that time. Im not one to waste my life or time; if I want to do something Im going to do it. On the sunny, hot summer day in 2010 my best friend George took me on his motorcycle for the very first time.I was not only scared but I was also super excited. Ever since I was a little girl I always anted to be able to one day ride on a motorcycle. I had not only so many thoughts running through my head but I also had tons of feelings running throughout my body. We will write a custom essay sample on Debut Albums and Best Thing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When we were getting ready to go on the bike I was so nervous I couldnt even do the straps to my helmet. I was so scared to get on the bike and actually get going but this was something I had to do because it was something Vive always wanted to do.When we first started going I wasnt quite sure about how I felt about being on the bike. At first I didnt really like the feeling that nothing was around us to protect us like when you were driving a car. As we started to pick up speed I started to feel more and more comfortable. Then the further and further we began to drive I felt so much more alive. This was a feeling Vive never felt In my life. I had never felt such a freedom like I did while riding the motorcycle. Riding the motorcycle made me feel so happy once I wasnt scared beyond belief anymore.While riding It was like everything bad or anything you were worrying about practically disappeared. He took me all over town and I realized that was the best thing Vive ever done. This was something that could make you feel so good with little effort put forth. As we went all over town we stopped at various places receiving many compliments about the bike. The bike was a Honda Shadow, chic liquid-cooled 52 degree V-tall and It was bright red. The bike sparkled In the sunlight like It was freshly washed; you could tell this was a bike that was ready for the road. This was the perfect bike for cruising or commuting. After riding the bike for well over an hour we began to get restless and tired so we decided to make a stop In Springfield. While In Springfield we ended up going and getting something to eat at a local pizza place. Once we were back on the bike and ere closer to home George had given me another first. For the very first time ever I went to the store Bleeders In East Aurora. Bleeders was huge; It had all different types of things In there.This was definitely a place you could spend hours upon hours shopping or Just browsing around the store. This motorcycle was literally a ride of a lifetime. It made me challenge myself, not only by making me face my fears but by making me do what Vive always wanted to do. This experience will last with me forever and go down In history as the greatest time of my life. I wouldnt change this ay for anything and Im so glad I got over my fears and actually did It. Everyone always said you can do anything you put your mind to and believe me I sure did that day.I accomplished and got over one of my biggest fears. It was one of the best and happiest days of my life. Not only did I cross one thing off of things to do before I die but this gave me an even bigger challenge of eventually learning to ride a bike of my By silkily much more alive. This was a feeling Vive never felt in my life. I had never felt such a happy once I wasnt scared beyond belief anymore. While riding it was like everything Honda Shadow, chic liquid-cooled 52 degree V-twin and it was bright red.The bike sparkled in the sunlight like it was freshly washed; you could tell this was a bike decided to make a stop in Springfield. While in Springfield we ended up going and went to the store Fiddlers in East Aurora. Fiddlers was huge; it had all different types of things in there. This was definitely a place you could spend hours upon hours forever and go down in history as the greatest time of my life. I wouldnt change this day for anything and Im so glad I got over my fears and actually did it.