Dissent & altruism are a matter of personal conviction, but Essay

Dissent & altruism are a matter of personal conviction, but situational factors are involved also. Analyze five (5) situational - Essay Example However, conformity gives us a basis to make decisions, yet it may lead to bad decisions if information is withheld to challenge the consensus. Dissent is a sentiment or a philosophy of non-agreement or opposition to a prevailing idea. It is important for a healthy society not only to protect the interests of individuals but also to encourage dissent. This beats dogmas or pragmatism and brings a fresh change to the overall environment. It is easier for people to abide by prevailing customs and phenomena; even if they are out-dated or cliched and regressive for society. However, it is in the power of a few individuals to dissent from the existing customs and bring about a positive social change in society. The changing dynamics in workplace and private and public circles constantly raise such issues that need to be handled with altruism and dissent- though peer pressure and dogmas dictate our thinking and thus our actions. Following are a few situations that have called for altruism a nd dissent and the way people responded to it. 1.

Attribute dualism Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Attribute dualism - Coursework Example although very beautiful; and pleasant to look at, their beauty only comes from their physical properties but they cannot be reduced to them (Rodriguez, 5). According to Stent (11), the mind and the body are basically different substances or matter, which results in the problem of lack of an underlying link between the body and the mind. However, one definite fact is that the essence of the mind is thinking while that of the body is physical existence, which is also referred to as extension. Therefore, without a mind, any human being would just be a ghost in a machine (Braddon-Mitchell and Jackson, 136). However, the mind makes a person and through its non-physical attribute or feature, makes a person complete and controls the physical body (Rodriguez, 5). The most challenging part of this concept is how to separate the mind and the brain. However, this challenge can be overcome by an illustration of a container which represents ourselves, including our physical body and physical brain, as well as the other different non physical features such as our spirit, soul and mind (Stent, 11). The mind, soul and spirit will then be regarded as the conscious part, which manifests itself though the same way in which sound and picture waves, which are also non-material, manifest themselves in a television. The major critic of this theory is the materialism theory, which states that everything contained in the universe, including the brain or human mind, is made up of physical materials and that spiritual attributes are non existent (Stent, 12). Rodriguez, Gonzalo. Descarte’s Substance Dualism and His Independence Conception of Substance. Retrieved on 13th February 2012 from:

Environmental impact

Environmental impact Environmental impact assessment is a tool used in identifying and evaluating the environmental effects that are likely to arise from a major proposed project (Morris Therivel, 2009). The purpose of EIA is to supply or aid decision makers in making appropriate decision regarding the environmental impact of proposed projects. In order words, its aim is to provide decision makers such as the Local Authority a systematic examination of the environmental implications of a proposed action and sometimes alternatives before a decision is taken (Jay et al, 2007). Also, environmental impact assessment aim, in the United Kingdom, is to assist in the formulation of development actions and it is an instrument for providing sustainable development (Jay et al, 2007). This essay is a critical review of the process of environmental impact assessment in the UK. Environmental Impact Assessment has been implemented in the UK since the 1980s through secondary legislation involving regulations and guidance, the most important being the Town and Country Planning (Assessment of Environmental Effects) Regulations 1988 (Statutory Instrument 1199, DoE, 1989), which constitutes the principal means of implementation of Directive 85/337/EC (Piper, 2001). Under these regulations, Environmental Impact Assessment is carried out at local level, within the planning system, where the Local Planning Authority (LPA) is the competent authority playing the central institutional role (Piper, 2001). Currently, Town and Country Planning (Assessment of Environmental Effects) Regulations 1988 has been replaced by Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 1999 (Amended) (Salvador, Glasson, Piper, 2000). The process of environmental impact assessment in the United Kingdom involves various stages such as screening of projects, scoping, establishing environmental baseline, impact identification, impact prediction, evaluation and mitigation, participation, presentation and review, monitoring and auditing after review (Morris Therivel, 2009). The people involved in the process of environmental impact assessment in the UK are the Local Authorities which are the planning department, the property developers, statutory consultees, central government, non statutory consultees and the public(Morris Therivel, 2009). First stage of environmental impact assessment is the screening of projects; it seeks to focus on projects with potentially significant adverse environmental impact (Glasson et al, 2005). The next step after the screening of project is the scoping process. Scoping is the process of identifying and assigning priority to the issues associated with a project for the purpose of focusing the impact assessment to be conducted. In summary, scoping is a process that determines what significant issues the nature and extent of ecological data to be collected and assessed (reference it). Establishing environmental baseline; this process includes both the present and likelihood future state of the environment assuming that the project is not undertaken, taking into account changes resulting from natural events and from other human activities (reference). Impact identification brings together project characterization and baseline environmental aim of ensuring that all potentially significant envi ronmental impacts are identified and taken into account (reference). Impact prediction, evaluation and mitigation is the heart of environmental impact assessment, its objective is to provide the basis for assessing significance, assess the relative impact of the significance and to put measures to avoid, reduce and if possible remedy significant adverse effect (reference). The next process is the participation, presentation and review of environmental statement; it is aimed at providing information about a proposals likely environmental impacts to the developer, the public and decision makers so that a better decision is made (reference). Since the introduction of environmental impact assessment in the United Kingdom, there have been great achievements towards reducing the environmental effects of projects but there are still arguments regarding the way environmental impact assessment process in the UK is practised. Weston (2000) was of the view that screening process of EIA in the UK is not clearly defined. According to Weston, the UKs 1988 environmental impact assessment procedures established a threshold approach to determine whether a development project should be subject to environmental impact assessment. Firstly, there is a Schedule I to the Regulations which lists all those projects which are above set thresholds and are of regional or wider importance and for which EIA is mandatory in all cases and secondly, there is a Schedule II list which sets out all those projects which only require an EIA to be carried out where there are likely to be significant environmental effects and where the Local Planning Authority have deemed it necessary for the developer to submit an Environmental Statement with their planning application. However, Weston (2000) argued that the term Significant is rarely defined in the context of the UKs legal system and its use has caused problems. The next step after the screening of project is the scoping process. Portman (2009) stated that scoping is frequently viewed as the most important stage in determining the quality of the assessment of EIA, but it has also been identified as EIA most problematic phase and has been under researched. Currently, scoping process in environmental impact assessment is not a legally mandated process in United Kingdom (Morris Therivel, 2009). Some inefficiency of scoping process has been identified by researches conducted on scoping activities in the UK. According to Glasson (1999), environmental impact assessment scoping process is supposed to include various actors such as the developers, the general public and the regulators at various levels of government, but in the UK, scoping process is too developer oriented, thereby limiting the role given to the public. Glasson was of the view that developers are unlikely to predict that the project they are proposing to develop might be an environ mental disaster since they are more concerned about saving cost. Studies carried out on the limitations of public participation on scoping exercise in the UK, showed that poor provision of basic information of a proposed project to the public by the developers was a barrier to effective public participation in decision making (Wood Hartley, 2005), United Kingdom Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation was also blamed for the cause of ineffective public participation in scoping exercise. For instance, in a complex waste project, UK EIA regulation requires a period of 21 days for public comment, which according to Wood and Hartly is perceived to be too short to allow the public participate effectively (Wood Hartley, 2005). Results of investigation carried out by Wood, Glasson and Becker on the assessment of scoping activities in England and Wales, showed that the Local Planning Authorities (LPAs) which are the authorities with power of regulation are often under resourced and lac king in experience of environmental impact assessment activities (Wood, Glasson Becker, 2005). The results of the investigation showed that it is a particular case for non metropolitan district councils which receive very few request for scoping opinions each year. Wood, Glasson and Becker (2005) concluded that the lack of developers consultation with competent authorities and the general public is the principal limitation to effective EIA in the UK. Environmental Impact Statement presentation and review is a vital step in the process of EIA in the UK and if done badly, may result in negating of the good work (Glasson, Therivel Chadwick, 2005). A review of environmental impact statements produced for a variety of development type in Britain from the period of 1988-1993 demonstrated that there are number of shortcomings in the assessment of ecological impacts for EIA. The results showed that most environmental impact statement did not comply with EC directive (85/337), which clearly states a requirement to consider impacts on the flora and fauna associated with proposed development (Thompson, Treweek Thurling, 1997). According to the review of environmental impact statements in the British forest sector from 1988-1998, the results showed that the standard was generally poor and the environmental impact statement presented limited useful additional information to decision makers. A fundamental recurrent issue was the failure to a dequately scope assessments, leading to unfocused baseline data collection, inadequate identification of impact, and inadequate determination of impact significance (Gray Edward-Jones, 2003).

Education and Computers :: Teaching Technology Essays

Education and Computers It’s hard to imagine a classroom without a computer now days.Computer have become essential for teaching and learning, but is this good or bad?In this paper I would like to discuss the positive and negative ways computers have impacted the education system. There has been many ways in which computers have impacted education.One way is the ability students and teacher have to write a paper using Microsoft word processor. [1]This allows them to save the paper and make corrections without having to rewrite the paper each time a mistake is made.A spelling and grammar check is available at the click of a button to make sure you don’t have and big spelling or grammar mistakes.Though this function doesn’t find typos that are correctly spelled words in the wrong place (for example too or to) it does catch a majority of the problems.There are even programs designed to allow a person to write a paper in one language in one language and then change it to a different language with out knowing the language. There are other software products that help a teacher take inventory of supplies and monitor student’s progress.Microsoft Excel is a very good example to such a product.Excel is a spreadsheet program that allows teacher to keep track of students’ grades without having to do a lot of math.It allows teachers to enter the students’ scores and an equation for calculating the scores then it automatically does the math.This assists the teacher in finding out the students’ progress as an individual and as a group.The teacher can identify strengths and weaknesses from this data and adjust accordingly.The teacher can also see the range of knowledge their students have. In the lower grades educational computer games can be used as a teaching resource.They can serve as a reward or motivation for hard work and good attendance.They can help reinforce the material being taught and in older children computer games can be used to expand on educational concepts.Math Blaster, Sonics ABC’s, and hangman are just a couple of games that can be used in a classroom.Sonics ABC’s and hangman are both games that allow children to simply spell words.In contrast Math Blaster has a plot.In this game the child must collect numbers and solve equations to receive the power to conquer the enemy.Games like these make learning fun and help spark a Childs will to learn.Even the Program Hooked on Phonics © is using computer games to improve their system.

Sexuality and Value Systems Checkpoint

Value Systems Answer the following: Which value system or systems discussed in the text do you most relate to? Explain your answer with at least a 200 word count. After reading the text, the most important value a person could have is the ability to have Sexual knowledge and critical thinking skills. This will allow us to be ready for whatever situation we might be put into and how we must react to conquer the situation.Everyone has different sexual value systems most of our systems have more than one preference. If I was to talk about myself, and who I am today I would say I been in a long term relationship have a child already so I know how important it is to be responsible. I am still young so I do not want any more children at the time being. That is why I and my girlfriend are safe we use protection, the type we use is birth control.Both of us are not against abortions, and we both believe if it has to be one do it. Everyone embraces a wide variety of sexual encounters and the s exual values we develop are uniquely designed for our individuality. I would say that I am more modern and open when it comes to sex. I like to experiment and try new things that can not only pleasure myself, but my sexually partner. In return I feel this allows both of us to be satisfied with one another and that is what keeps our intimate bond strong.I have never been one to Judge people who prefer to have sex after marriage I m not one of them though. I have always been about premarital sex within a relationship, but also outside of them too. I was shy growing up, so I did not have many girlfriends so my sexual encounters were mostly a one night fling. I been with my girlfriend for quite some time now In the beginning a relationship was something new to me. I never thought that my sexual values would change, and I would be as accepting and happy as I am.

Computer Integrated Manufacturing and Management

American steel industry fell behind the Japanese industry, so changes had to be made in the processes of manufacturing. Nucor Steel opened in 1989 in Indiana and made a revolution in steel industry. Keith Russe is the general manager of the plant. The Nucor plant is rather small, but they produce 800,000 tons of steel each year. The reason of high productivity is the computer integrated manufacturing and management. Team work is also very important. The computer system integrates business information, process control, and the machines. It uses 1100 databases, 500 programs that create unlimited possibilities. Orders are placed from the very beginning into the computer, and it is process totally by the computer as well. Nucor uses pull system that connects the purchase order to raw materials, manufacturing process, and shipping. From scrap yard, the workers feed scrap into furnaces, where it melts into steel lava, and it is then moved into continuous caster, then to computer controlled gas premise, and then to the finishing room. Tags are put on the finished coils. Computer screens tell what each customer wants. As a result of the success, another plant was opened in Arkansas. With the help of new technologies, procedures, and computer integrated manufacturing, the American steel industry managed to gain the market share. American steel industry fell behind the Japanese industry, so changes had to be made in the processes of manufacturing. Nucor Steel opened in 1989 in Indiana and made a revolution in steel industry. Keith Russe is the general manager of the plant. The Nucor plant is rather small, but they produce 800,000 tons of steel each year. The reason of high productivity is the computer integrated manufacturing and management. Team work is also very important. The computer system integrates business information, process control, and the machines. It uses 1100 databases, 500 programs that create unlimited possibilities. Orders are placed from the very beginning into the computer, and it is process totally by the computer as well. Nucor uses pull system that connects the purchase order to raw materials, manufacturing process, and shipping. From scrap yard, the workers feed scrap into furnaces, where it melts into steel lava, and it is then moved into continuous caster, then to computer controlled gas premise, and then to the finishing room. Tags are put on the finished coils. Computer screens tell what each customer wants. As a result of the success, another plant was opened in Arkansas. With the help of new technologies, procedures, and computer integrated manufacturing, the American steel industry managed to gain the market share. American steel industry fell behind the Japanese industry, so changes had to be made in the processes of manufacturing. Nucor Steel opened in 1989 in Indiana and made a revolution in steel industry. Keith Russe is the general manager of the plant. The Nucor plant is rather small, but they produce 800,000 tons of steel each year. The reason of high productivity is the computer integrated manufacturing and management. Team work is also very important. The computer system integrates business information, process control, and the machines. It uses 1100 databases, 500 programs that create unlimited possibilities. Orders are placed from the very beginning into the computer, and it is process totally by the computer as well. Nucor uses pull system that connects the purchase order to raw materials, manufacturing process, and shipping. From scrap yard, the workers feed scrap into furnaces, where it melts into steel lava, and it is then moved into continuous caster, then to computer controlled gas premise, and then to the finishing room. Tags are put on the finished coils. Computer screens tell what each customer wants. As a result of the success, another plant was opened in Arkansas. With the help of new technologies, procedures, and computer integrated manufacturing, the American steel industry managed to gain the market share. American steel industry fell behind the Japanese industry, so changes had to be made in the processes of manufacturing. Nucor Steel opened in 1989 in Indiana and made a revolution in steel industry. Keith Russe is the general manager of the plant. The Nucor plant is rather small, but they produce 800,000 tons of steel each year. The reason of high productivity is the computer integrated manufacturing and management. Team work is also very important. The computer system integrates business information, process control, and the machines. It uses 1100 databases, 500 programs that create unlimited possibilities. Orders are placed from the very beginning into the computer, and it is process totally by the computer as well. Nucor uses pull system that connects the purchase order to raw materials, manufacturing process, and shipping. From scrap yard, the workers feed scrap into furnaces, where it melts into steel lava, and it is then moved into continuous caster, then to computer controlled gas premise, and then to the finishing room. Tags are put on the finished coils. Computer screens tell what each customer wants. As a result of the success, another plant was opened in Arkansas. With the help of new technologies, procedures, and computer integrated manufacturing, the American steel industry managed to gain the market share. American steel industry fell behind the Japanese industry, so changes had to be made in the processes of manufacturing. Nucor Steel opened in 1989 in Indiana and made a revolution in steel industry. Keith Russe is the general manager of the plant. The Nucor plant is rather small, but they produce 800,000 tons of steel each year. The reason of high productivity is the computer integrated manufacturing and management. Team work is also very important. The computer system integrates business information, process control, and the machines. It uses 1100 databases, 500 programs that create unlimited possibilities. Orders are placed from the very beginning into the computer, and it is process totally by the computer as well. Nucor uses pull system that connects the purchase order to raw materials, manufacturing process, and shipping. From scrap yard, the workers feed scrap into furnaces, where it melts into steel lava, and it is then moved into continuous caster, then to computer controlled gas premise, and then to the finishing room. Tags are put on the finished coils. Computer screens tell what each customer wants. As a result of the success, another plant was opened in Arkansas. With the help of new technologies, procedures, and computer integrated manufacturing, the American steel industry managed to gain the market share.

Thesis Writing Format

Thesis Writing Format Thesis Writing Format Thesis Writing FormatThe specifics of thesis writing format depend on the broad area of your study. In other words, the specifics of your educational process and the requirements of your supervisor determine the elements of master thesis writing format. Usually, thesis writing is a report on conducted research project. Therefore, the essential elements of thesis writing format are the following:Introduction (introduce the reader to the research thesis topics; explain the importance of your research)Literature review (show what has already been written on the chosen topic)Explain the research design (methodology should cover the steps you have taken to conduct a research)Present the findings (what did your research show? What are the key findings?)Discussion on the findings (what do the findings mean? What is the contribution of your research to the existing literature?)Conclusions (present the limitations of your study and give recommendations on further research)A typical a cademic thesis written for a university or college should include a cover page, abstract (200 words or less), outline, body with all key chapters, and a reference list. Pay special attention to the reference list style required by your teacher. APA, MLA, and Harvard are very different to each other and sometimes a small mistake in referencing may cost you a grade. Thesis Writing Format ElementsAs it was mentioned above, every institution has its own requirements for thesis writing and formatting and you should be very careful to follow all requirements in detail. You may not simply ignore the importance of referencing style or decide to leave table of contents out. If you value your own education and do not want to waste your time revising and rewriting your thesis 25 times, it is better to do everything right from the very beginning. If you do not want to spend time on writing and formatting your thesis because it is a time consuming process, you have an opportunity to request thes is writing help at our site. Our thesis writers know how to write a thesis and they are able to assist you with every aspect of thesis writing and ensure that your thesis or dissertation is written in full accordance to academic standards and format requirements. We deliver custom written theses on time and we guarantee free unlimited revisions. Thus, you get a perfect thesis written by professional thesis writers from scratch. In addition, you may request professional help with argument essay writing as well as cause and effect essay writing!

Explanation of Homomorphic Encryption

Explanation of Homomorphic Encryption Abstract Homomorphic encryption has been created to improve services in cloud computing. The encryption will enable organizations to use cloud computing in analyzing and mining data. Public cloud providers need the intervention of homomorphic encryption to promote security on the access of information.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Explanation of Homomorphic Encryption specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Researchers have suggested that this system has the ability of analyzing information without decrypting (Geiselmann Steinwandt, 2002). It shows that homomorphic encryption develops a key that performs mathematical operations on encrypted data and enables the same results on unencrypted information (Kalai, 2003). Therefore, the connection between functions on unencrypted data and operations to be done on encrypted information in defined as homomorphism. Studies have showed that this invention would be used to provide security on the Internet because many people access this media to seek information. The growth of technology has made people consult the Internet using cloud providers such as Google and Yahoo. Communication Homomorphic encryption assists companies to encrypt their database of emails and post them to the cloud. The cloud assists the company to use the stored information to confirm how its workers are collaborating. Initially, when a firm is installing the new system, it may be able to run a few basic programs. However, as it continues with the system, it can apply it to all other operations. This indicates that after the data has been stored in the database, it can be downloaded without exposing any information (Lipmaa, 2005). The access of information on the Internet may be dangerous because other competitors may be able to access policies that the firm plans to initiate to dominate the market. Companies have classified information which should not be accessed by everyone. Therefore, when competitors are able to get such information, they can use it against the company. The company should device a safety device which will protect data from other cloud users. Some systems break down, and, as a result, people are able to get information stored. In this case, homomorphic encryption protects such information from being reached as the system is being reset. Firms face competition from other companies, which offer similar goods or services (Limpaa, 2005). These competitors will work to outshine other so as win customers and dominate the market. The company may use the information acquired to develop strategies so as to fulfill its interest.Advertising Looking for research paper on programming? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The above information shows that homomorphic encryption promotes business by safeguarding the firm’s data. Homomorphic encryption enables programs to be effectiv ely evaluated so as produce encryption on the output. The system has an enormous impact on outsourcing of private programs such as cloud computing. During the invention period, the system was challenging because people did not believe in full homomorphic encryption. It was supporting evaluation of an unlimited number of additions but could offer functions to one multiplication. The homomorphic encryption scheme is given as c =pq + m where c symbolizes the cipher text, m the marked text message, p is the key and q the random number (Mulmuley Sohoni, 2002). Addition, subtraction, and multiplication described the function of homomorphic encryptions. This system is efficient in arithmetic because it involves small numbers, which could be solved in parallel. Arithmetic performance is improved with the application of Residue Number System, RNS. Security Homomorphic computations are designed to function on data without exposing or accessing actual modulus so as to ensure security of data in programs. It promotes the confidentiality of data by adding confusion to the modulus. This indicates that, in cloud computing, homomorphic encryption transforms the modulus randomly through multiplication. Gentry (2010) indicates that a fully homomorphic encryption scheme was announced in 2009. This scheme supported evaluation of low polynomials on encrypted data (Endsuleit, Geiselmann, Steinwandt, 2002). According to Craig, the security of this scheme overlooked two problems, which were low weight sum problems and worst case on ideal lattices. The cipher texts in Gentry’s scheme did not depend on the length of the operations that evaluated encrypted data. Instead, it relied on the number of operations the computation time performed. Homomorphic computation promotes confidentiality by distributing the program to various clouds, and it verifies that the outcome of the cloud is exactly valid (Canetti, Krawczyk, Nielsen, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom rese arch paper sample on Explanation of Homomorphic Encryption specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This shows that homomorphic encryption prevents clouds from tampering with the module. It follows by developing a strategy to each cloud, which can reduce the impact of security because of collusion. This shows that researchers at every level were working on how to protect data from being accessed by unnecessary people. Cloud computing involves a network of machines to a single program for efficient monitoring and significant service delivery. However, these machines are independent in their operation. Therefore, homomorphism promotes confidentiality of information. It protects them from being reached by other machines on the Internet, and protects the security of data. Last but least, homomorphic encryption can make the computation on multiple systems so as to compare results. The client can use several ways to make sure that the cloud does not acces s the module set because it can affect the confidentiality of the program. References Canetti, R., Krawczyk, H. Nielsen, J. B. (2003). Relaxing chosen-cipher text security. In Proc. of Crypto 03, pages 565-582. Endsuleit, R.W. Geiselmann, Steinwandt, R. (2002).Attacking a polynomial-based cryptosystem: Polly Cracker. Int. Jour. Information Security, (1):143-148. Geiselmann, W. Steinwandt, R. (2002).Cryptanalysis of Polly Cracker. IEEE Trans. In- formation Theory, (48):2990-2991. Gentry, C. (2010). Computing arbitrary functions of encrypted data. Commun. ACM, 53(3):97–105, 2010Advertising Looking for research paper on programming? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kalai. A. (2003) Generating Random Factored Numbers, Easily. J. Cryptology, vol. 16, no. 4, pages 287-289. Lipmaa. L (2005). An Oblivious Transfer Protocol with Log-Squared Communication. Proc. of ICS 05 pages 314-328, Mulmuley, K. Sohoni, M. (2002). Geometric complexity theory I: An approach to the P vs. NP and related problems. SIAM J. Comput., 31(2):496-526. Van Dam, W., Hallgren, S. Ip, L. (2006). Quantum algorithms for some hidden shift problems. In Proc. of SODA 03, pages 489{498. SIAM J. Comput. 36(3): 763-778.

Helping ESL Students Understand and Participate in Small Talk

Helping ESL Students Understand and Participate in Small Talk The ability to make small talk comfortably is one of the most desired objectives  of almost any English student. This is especially true for business English learners but applies to all. The function of small talk is the same the world over. However, which topics are appropriate for small talk can vary from culture to culture. This lesson plan focuses on helping students develop their small talk skills and addresses the issue of appropriate subjects. Difficulties in small talk skills can arise from a number of factors including grammar uncertainties, comprehension problems, lack of topic-specific vocabulary, and a general lack of confidence. The lesson introduces a discussion of appropriate small talk topics. Make sure to give students ample time to delve into the subjects if they seem particularly interested. Aim: Improving small talk skills Activity: Discussion of appropriate small talk subjects followed by a game to be played in small groups Level: Intermediate to Advanced Small Talk Lesson Outline Write Small Talk on the board. Brainstorm as a class to define small talk. Write examples on the board.Discuss the importance of small talk skills with the class.Divide students into groups of 3 - 5.Give students the small talk worksheet.Students begin by reviewing key functions and grammar by matching purpose,  expression, and form. Review as a class. Discuss any questions in usage.Ask students to discuss  whether the topics provided in the second section  are appropriate for making small talk. Students can also decide that some topics are appropriate in certain situations  but not in others.  Once students have discussed the various situations, solicit responses on the various subjects from the class as a whole. Make sure to ask for examples of comments on appropriate subjects, as well as  explanations for those topics which students feel are not appropriate. Feel free to let students debate their opinions to help develop  conversational skills.Have students get back into their groups and play the small talk game in the third section. Circulate around the room helping  students when they run into difficulties. Take notes on subjects that students find difficult. As a class,  brainstorm on appropriate comments. Understanding Forms Used in Small Talk Match the conversational purpose to the expression in the second column. Identify the appropriate grammar structure in the third column. Purpose Expression Structure Ask about experienceGive adviceMake a suggestionExpress an opinionImagine a situationProvide instructionsOffer somethingConfirm informationAsk for more detailsAgree or disagree Open the package. Fill out the Forms.Where can I find out more?Im afraid I dont see it that way.Have you ever visited Rome?Lets go for a walk.To me, that seems like a waste of time.You live in San Francisco, dont you?Would you like something to drink?If you were the boss, what would you do?You should visit Mt. Hood. Conditional formQuestion tagUse of some in questions rather than anyTo me, In my opinion, I thinkInformation questionModal verbs such as should, ought to, and had betterImperative formLets, Why dont you, How about Present perfect for experienceIm afraid I dont see / think / feel that way. Hit Your Small Talk Target Which Topics are  Appropriate? Which topics are appropriate for small talk discussions? For  topics which are appropriate, think of one interesting comment to make when the teacher calls on you. For topics which are not appropriate, explain why you believe they are not appropriate for small talk. The latest filmsThe One True Path to Eternal LifeThe local basketball teamCarsA product you would like to sell to everyoneThe Death PenaltyYour hometownHow much you makeYour last holidayYour favorite movie-starThe correct political partyThe weatherGardeningYour health problemsYour family Small Talk Game Throw one die to move forward from one subject to the next. When you get to the end, return to the beginning to start again. You have 30 seconds to make a comment about the suggested subject. If you dont, you lose your turn! Your best friendThe last film you sawPetsRock and rollA magazineLearning a languagePlaying tennisYour current jobAn interesting excursion nearbyThe InternetMarilyn MonroeKeeping healthyHuman cloningYour favorite foodFinding a job in your countryThe last book you readYour worst holidaySomething youve never done, but would like to doTeachers - what you likeTeachers - what you dont like

Williams Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Williams Company - Essay Example New business direction promised opportunities for the Williams Company and resulted in high revenue growth during 1998-and 2001. An examination how strategy is formed gives useful insights into the nature of financial strategy itself. In 1999 Williams decided to list WCG (Williams Conunumcatiort Group) in initial public offering. It was made to have a major source of finance from shares came in the form of IPO that raised approximately $650 million and 5725 million raised through placements to private investors. The main problem was that Williams did not take into account rapidly changing environment of the telecommunication industry, long-term predictions as for its financial activity, and economic peculiarities of the industry. There were two main problems led into collapse: the industry suffered from over production and it could not fared well in the economic downturn. Williams took pains to improve the situation by newly issues shares of WCG equity. Again, Williams faced with the problem of indirect "credit support" WCG's debt" provided for WCG. In accordance with the legislation it was treated as "pff balance sheet," and did not appear as a liability on the firm's balance sheet. An addition to this in April, 2002 the state security started investigation process as for WCG's financial activity. Accept WCG financial problems Williams faced problems with Energy Marketing and Trading Divisions caused by the unstable market situation. Credit ratings and rising yields on the trade worsen the situation and created another problem for Williams traders which needed a credit but were unable to get it from counterparts After these nuisances, Williams developed new financial strategy based on "aggressive program of asset sales" and capital expenditure. The plan to cut investment was developed in previous years and was the promising one to help Williams to overcome financial crisis. The investment made by warren Buffin in Williams allowed Williams to achieve financial flexibility and economic stability at the middle of 2002, but did not sole the main problems. In addition, Berkshire Hathaway and Lehman Brothers offered a 900 million dollar loan to Williams, but on the strict terms. Williams financial reporting involves the collection and presentation of data for use of financial management and accounting. According to the Exhibit 2 and 3, the main financial figures of the Williams companies main positions are high in comparison with Domination Recourses, Murphy Oil, except Dynegy company. The net income of William applicable to common shares figure has the highest rate between 1999-2001. According to the financial data Williams Company has the market value on equity which increased between 1999 and 2000, but failed in 2001; only Dominion resources has the highest rate. The figures of the total assets of Williams Company show the stable growth in 1999 and 2000. Because of the crisis affected the company the level of total assets decreased 1,5% in 2001 but remains the highest in comparison with its competitors. The cash flow investment activity was $1,970M (1999), 2,337M (2000) and 3, 543M (2001). Only Dominion Resources has the high figures in 2001. It is known that EBITDA is used to analyze the profitability between companies and industries, because it eliminates the effects of financing and accounting

Gay Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Gay Marriage - Essay Example It is relevant to take into account views of both antagonists and proponents of gay marriage. For example, Laura Kipnis claims that gay marriage is a logical continuation of relations among gay couples. Their emotional and psychological conditions should be united in the name of happiness. Moreover, gay marriage is often misperceived by the society, because attention is paid to sexual and intimate relations, but this type of relations is not considered as an option of adoption. There are a lot of orphans throughout the world and if there is a chance to provide those poor children with parents, why to take this option away from them? Analysis and Evaluation Jullian Rayfield gave a prompt answer to the question of gay marriage legalization. The article of the author named â€Å"New York State Senate Passes Marriage Equality Bill† (24 June, 2011) considers background information and reactions for gay marriage in the State of New York. Many years have passed since the first time g ays made an attempt to protect their rights and initiated a struggle for their love. Currently, gay marriage was legalized in the New York State Senate and this fact should be considered as victory of gays of America. This struggle occurred on the political background, though this issue is of a social and individual nature. Gay community received support from some political parties and it shows that modern politicians are open-minded and are ready for changes and blurring of limits of the modern society. Republicans supported legalization of gay marriage, because they would undermine democratic principles of their policies. It is possible to claim that harmonious society depends on harmonious members, happy individuals, which have a chance to live their lives with their beloved persons. Why not to have a child in the families of this type? As a rule, gays are loving parents and there are no objective reasons for preventing them from being parents. There are evident changes in the mo dern society and the institute of marriage reflects these changes as well. Heterosexual marriage has changed and the role of women is different from the one they had in the beginning of the 20th century. Gay marriage as a new social institution is still unstable, but it is possible to argue that this social phenomenon has a chance to survive in the modern society. Nevertheless, the fact that gay marriage is negatively accepted in the modern society cannot be denied. Thus, Bidstrup is focused on morality of gay marriage. There are many social stereotypes, which have been developed in the society for many years and gay marriage is often positioned as a morally perverted phenomenon, which is not appropriate even for the modern diverse society. This fact can be explained by considerations of gay marriage in emotional context, where the main emphasis is made on intimate and sexual relations of gays and not on their social roles (Bawr, 1994). Gays are perceived as abnormal or deviant indi viduals, which reach their satisfaction in a perverse manner. It is better to discuss an option of gay marriage as a socially beneficial phenomenon, when two beloved persons are able to contribute much to the development of the community and of the society as well. Moreover, gay marriage and adoption of children should be considered as socially favorable phenomena, because both these factors will create atmosphere of tolerance, patience and understanding in the society. It is possible to

A Critical Discussion about British Airways and Its Entry into Central Essay - 1

A Critical Discussion about British Airways and Its Entry into Central and Eastern European markets proposal - Essay Example In aviation industry however entering new markets is not easy as airlines need a lot of permissions to fly to their preferred destinations. For domestic routes, an airline gets a national license by the regulatory authority. For international flights, the regulatory authorities of all involved countries have to permit the course and destination. For expansion purpose if an airline to operate from out of a host country, like a multinational it also has to decide a suitable entry mode. Majority of the airlines prefer equity participation in existing airlines, or through mergers and acquisitions. In this paper, the opportunities for British Airways (BA) will be studied for entering the East European Market. Earlier this market was closed but now the airlines like British airways have the option to join this market. Aims & Objectives Eastern Europe has gone through an economic policy change. It is now a free economy and thus now it is possible for the West European and other airlines to enter this market for profitable business ventures. This paper aims to research and find for British Airways a suitable market entry mode. The scope of this research will be to find the best options and to figure out the best one. Here are the aims and objectives of this research: 1. To understand Mergers and Acquisitions: Although East Europe is now a free market, however, every country has its own set of compulsions which any new entrant in the market has to face and which might act as a hurdle in establishing business in such a region. Mergers and Acquisitions can only work for the benefit of trade if both parties joining hands have common synergies. This brings us to the point where understanding Mergers and acquisition becomes very important. This is to be done especially in the light of existing political and economic conditions of the market we plan to enter. 2. To discover the cultural and knowledge base of the region to be explored to see if British airways can tackle them successfully or not. In the long run, investment in any country is not only a financial investment. The culture and environment also play their own very significant role in business success. 3. To evaluate competencies and internal strength of British Airways. This will help show if Mergers and Acquisitions or Joint ventures can be the best solution to entry in east Europe for British Airways. 4. To discover the capability of new venture to be able to merge seamlessly with the global operations of British Airways. This is to be done with special focus on technology. 5. To study customer requirements and needs in Eastern Europe where cost will act as a deciding factor. Literature Review: British Airways is targeting new markets and to enter a new market as an airline, a lot of factors are to be considered. As per (Hill et al, 1990) the four motivation factors include market seeking, resource seeking, efficiency seeking and strategic resource seeking. When the opportunities in home ma rket appear to be limited, the companies in any of the markets and industries have to look for newer options in the markets outside the home zone. On 25 August 2009 the British Airways celebrated its 90th anniversary. The origins of one of the most profitable airlines can be traced back to the birth of civil aviation, the days after the World War 1. Air travel has changed beyond one’s imagination since the first scheduled air service on 25 August 1919. The day the world’s first commercial passenger air service from Hounslow Heath, Middlesex to Paris in August 1919 by British Airways’ forerunner company Air Transport & Travel was no ordinary day. It was a historic

Geology Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geology - Research Paper Example An environmental geologist, to my mind, has an important role to play in keeping the planet Earth clean, green, and safe. I choose this degree for the reason that I love the Mother Earth -- this is the only place I love to live. The environmental geology might be a new science; yet, its key function provides a much brighter world for the future inhabitants of this pale-blue-dot planet. This paper will discuss the brief story, specialized field, responsibilities, and prospects of the profession called environmental geology. Brief Story Erickson remarks that the technical profession called environmental geology is a â€Å"relatively new science† (ix). Perhaps by relative he means the emergence of environmental geology as a separate discipline of geology science in the late 20th century. The rising concern of the Earth’s environmental degradation, depletion, and near destruction significantly occurred since the late-20th-century. As such, people had made important ways to prevent the utter extinction of the green planet and the human race as well. The science of geology, as it has been seen, greatly contributed and continues to contribute to the better understanding of the changing physical world. It has been argued that the Earth’s fundamental changes (e.g., change of land formation and of temperature) were the results of human miscalculated activities. Erickson notes that people are called â€Å"human volcano† for the reason that they have the power to destroy the physical environment in an instant (ix). The human-induced damages, either conscious or not, to the natural world are comparable to the long-time geologic processes (Erickson ix). But like a volcano, humans have the capacity, if there is a will, to recreate, relive, and re-empower the world in which they live. And the environmental geologist plays a vital role in transforming the natural world into something worth residing and living. Specialized Field In the field of geolog y -- as well as other natural sciences -- such area of human knowledge is becoming more specialized in the contemporary epoch. Unlike other geologists, environmental geologists have specific work activities or programs to perform. Camenson provides a list of things to do for the environmental geologists: conduct research, analyze and report, understand the issues involved, among other works (94). Camenson says that an environmental geologist has to conduct research in order to â€Å"identify, reduce, and eliminate sources of pollutants and hazards† (94). What the environmental geologist does, among others, is to study and determine certain causes of a particular environmental phenomenon. Equipped with the knowledge of the Earth, this geologist explores the sources that created a problem to the natural world -- including man’s built environment. Analysis and reportage are other job activities of an environmental geologist. The environmental geologist does the analysis f rom his or her gathered measurements and observations. Moreover, this geologist fully knows and understands the environmental issues in promoting, protecting, and enhancing the environment. Curriculum It is true to say that most geology is environmental geology in reality (Ransom and Wainwright 2), nevertheless, environmental geology as a work profession is much more focused and highly concentrated in contrast to other disciplines of geology (e.g., forensic geology). Probably the variations between the environmental

Philosophy of Religion of Ancient Israelites Essay

Philosophy of Religion of Ancient Israelites - Essay Example Genesis states that God created matter, order as well as life within the cosmos and the first chapter reveals the order of creation supernaturally. Therefore, as far as Christianity is concerned, the Bible already reveals the aspects that science is discovering and the first verses of the book of Genesis are against seven of humanity’s false philosophies. Further, the teachings of Islam state that the universe, including man and the physical environment if the earth, was created by God. According to Islam, the ultimate goal is visualizing the cosmos like a book of symbols for mediating and contemplating an uplifting of spirits or a binding from which the soul of human beings have to escape in order to achieve actual freedom in their spiritual journey towards God (Tymieniecka & Muhtaroglu, 2010). On the other hand the Hindu timeline and cosmology can be considered as the closest to the contemporary scientific timelines and might demonstrate that the Big Bang was not the beginning but a commencement of the current cycle that came before an infinite universe that may be followed by other vast universes (Rinehart, 2004). In the Hindu concept, the Rig Veda questions where the cosmos originated from and is perception of the cosmos also considers one actual divine ideology that is self-protecting such as Vaak, which is a divine word that means â€Å"birthing the cosmos†. The Hindu concept considers Brahma as the creator, whom God created and the universe is seen as constantly expanding from the moment it was created and disappearing into a haze in billions of years.   

Business Cycle Properties and Marco Forecasting of the Australian Essay

Business Cycle Properties and Marco Forecasting of the Australian Economy - Essay Example Unemployment is a countercyclical variable but may also perform as a leading indicator of GDP. The prospects for Australia are encouraging. The country’s economy has sustained one of the longest, most progressive runs in the world as cited by the IMF, and despite the recent slump in housing prices, a slight rise in exports and relative weakness in the Australian dollar, the prospects appear encouraging for the country as its macroeconomic variables show stability even through the global economic crisis. Although interest rates had risen somewhat in the past, the government intends to continue lowering interest rates to encourage consumption spending, which according to this study will likely spur continued economic expansion. Introduction The health of the economy of any country is dependent upon the insightful and timely application of the appropriate economic policies by the governing authority. However, deciding on which policy to adopt and the manner in which it should be implemented are not easily discernible by mere intuition. Reliance on the measurement of certain macroeconomic variables is crucial to forecasting the possible directions the economy may take, whether the implemented policies are helpful in propelling the economy towards the desired goal, or whether they are detrimental to the economic welfare of the nation. This report provides a cursory examination of Australia’s macroeconomic variables and their behaviour, with the aim of determining their usefulness in providing insight into the future directions of the Australian economy, as well as their effectiveness as tools in discerning the appropriate economic policy to be adopted to ensure progress. Ten variables are specified consisting of productivity, investment, expenditure, and nominal variables, so as to determine their relationship to GDP as the measure of economic health and viability. During the course of the correlational studies, the nominal variables including broad mo ney supply, inflation, long-term and short-term interest rates, and currency exchange rates, were tested and found uncorrelated with GDP. As a modification of the original study by Fisher, Otto and Voss (1996), this study further sought to correlate the four aforementioned monetary variables with M3 in an attempt to determine whether or not they exerted any influence upon each other. It will be noted that interest rates and currency exchange rates were tools of monetary policy, while inflation rate is a vital price indicator, all of which are related in theory to money supply. The supporting graphs showing superimposed correlated variables are shown in the Appendices A to J, for both the quarter-to-quarter growth rates as well as the quarterly year-on-year (YOY) growth rates. Macroeconomic variables, their cyclicality and indicator properties Several macroeconomic and monetary variables exhibit cyclicalities as a result of their being correlated with the output. The following table shows the resulting correlational coefficients of each of the variables with their respective output. The first set of variables consists of monetary variables which are the subject of monetary policy employed by the government to control the money supply in the market, which in turn determines the inflation rate. Too much money chasing too few products usually results in accelerated

Philosophy of Religion of Ancient Israelites Essay

Philosophy of Religion of Ancient Israelites - Essay Example Genesis states that God created matter, order as well as life within the cosmos and the first chapter reveals the order of creation supernaturally. Therefore, as far as Christianity is concerned, the Bible already reveals the aspects that science is discovering and the first verses of the book of Genesis are against seven of humanity’s false philosophies. Further, the teachings of Islam state that the universe, including man and the physical environment if the earth, was created by God. According to Islam, the ultimate goal is visualizing the cosmos like a book of symbols for mediating and contemplating an uplifting of spirits or a binding from which the soul of human beings have to escape in order to achieve actual freedom in their spiritual journey towards God (Tymieniecka & Muhtaroglu, 2010). On the other hand the Hindu timeline and cosmology can be considered as the closest to the contemporary scientific timelines and might demonstrate that the Big Bang was not the beginning but a commencement of the current cycle that came before an infinite universe that may be followed by other vast universes (Rinehart, 2004). In the Hindu concept, the Rig Veda questions where the cosmos originated from and is perception of the cosmos also considers one actual divine ideology that is self-protecting such as Vaak, which is a divine word that means â€Å"birthing the cosmos†. The Hindu concept considers Brahma as the creator, whom God created and the universe is seen as constantly expanding from the moment it was created and disappearing into a haze in billions of years.   

Does America Want an Unmotivated Society Essay Example for Free

Does America Want an Unmotivated Society Essay I. Introduction Marijuana is the name given in the United States to the drug produced from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. The use of cannabis derivatives under such names as hashish, charas, bhang, and ganja is widespread throughout the world. The most active ingredient of the plant derivative is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The potency of this chemical is indicated by the fact that the average street sample of marijuana contains less than .5% THC. Some samples are considerably higher in THC content; thus, effects from the drug vary according to its quality, meaning its THC content. The flowering parts of the plant contain the greatest amounts of THC (Goode 567). These are usually dried and smoked, but they may be made into a drink somewhat like tea or blended into various cooking recipes. Somehow, marijuana has been used for some medications but it is not a valid ground to legalize it because it has negative effects to human bodies. Moreover, marijuana is still illegal in most places. Under federal law a person can be sentenced to up to one year in jail or a $5000 fine, or both, for simple possession of marijuana. Every year about 400,000 people are arrested for possession; about 80 percent are under age 26. Marijuana is being used as legal medical therapy for several conditions. Careful studies have shown that it is effective in treating severe nausea in cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy. Older patients seem to respond less than younger patients do and complain more about side effects, including feeling â€Å"stoned.† The purpose of this present study is to scrutinize whether marijuana should be legalized or not. It will also tackle how marijuana will greatly affect the individuals that our country needs most, like the workforce or the man- power. II. Background Marijuana has been used for thousands of years, both as a medicine and for its intoxicating effects. In the form of tablets, marijuana is frequently prescribed to relieve the nausea and vomiting that often accompany chemotherapy. Its non-medical use, however, is illegal in the United States and most other countries. The penalties for possessing or using marijuana are, in many states, as severe as those imposed for the possession or use of much more potent drugs. Many argue that marijuana is no more harmful than cigarettes and liquor and should be legalized. Most marijuana used in United States is smoked—either as cigarettes or in pipes. Its effects vary with its strength, and to a great extent with the state of mind of the user (Earleywine 149). Typically, a sense of well being is experienced. In large countries, marijuana is considered as hallucinogen—a drug that produces hallucinations. Although marijuana does not produce a physical dependence in the user, there is evidence that it can produce psychological dependence. Research indicates that marijuana has serious effects on the body. It can impair memory, speech, and learning. It exposes the lungs to high levels of tar and to over 150 other chemicals. Many of these can irritate the lining of the lungs, causing inflammation and bronchitis in some cases. Marijuana decreases the production of male and female sex hormones and may cause infertility n some individuals. Pregnant women should refrain from smoking marijuana since it can cross the placenta and affect the fetus (Earleywine 150). Some authorities believe that the heavy use of marijuana may harm the body’s immune system by impairing the development of monocytes, cells that stimulate antibody production and kill foreign cells. Although no direct cause-and-effect link between found, a person who consistently uses marijuana may be likely to abuse other, stronger drugs. The use of marijuana can be dangerous to a person taking part in any activity in which quick reflexes and clear thinking are necessary (Goode 575). III. Discussion A. Effects of Marijuana Many perceptual and emotional effects follow marijuana smoking. Sensory experience may become more intense; smells are richer, textures feel more sensuous, objects are seen as more beautiful, sounds are more brilliant, and ideas flow more freely, although they may be disjointed. The person may experience an emotional high in which he or she feels joyful, tranquil, and happy. The effects of marijuana, however, are like those of other drugs; they very much depend on the person and the setting. Taken in a pleasant, relaxed social situation, marijuana can be quite unpleasant (Earleywine 123). Also, people who are naturally paranoid, suspicious, or aggressive may become more so under the influence of marijuana; the calm, better-adjusted users are more apt to experience a euphoric high. Moreover, most people use marijuana for the altered states it produces. These states are a little easier to control than those produced by other hallucinogenic drugs, unless the dosage is very high. At low to moderate dosages, hallucinations are not present. Instead, the person typically reports of calmness, increased sensory awareness, changes in space and time, and increased appetite, often with a craving for sweets. At higher dosages, the person may experience thought disturbances, rapid emotional changes, a loss of attention, and a sense of panic. Marijuana has been one of the most researched drugs in the history of pharmacology, and there is still considerable disagreement about its short-term and long-term effects (Belenko 34). It was made an illicit drug in the United States, and many states have established harsh penalties for those convicted of possession of even small amounts. In the recent years, there has been a move toward decriminalization of marijuana. Although this policy would not legalize the drug, it would establish more appropriate punishments, for example, fines instead of imprisonment for possession of small amounts for personal use (Belenko 66). The growing consensus of research on marijuana would suggest that it is not a safe drug. Indeed, it is doubtful whether any drug taken frequently by choice is advisable. Many researchers have concluded that smoking marijuana is no more dangerous, and perhaps even less so, than smoking cigarettes or using alcohol. The issue, though, is frequency of use. The literature on chronic users of marijuana—that is, people who use it a lot and over a long period of time—suggests rather strongly that there are serious deficits in some cognitive abilities such as memory. In addition, heavier users experience some undesirable personality changes, problems with sleep, deficits in psychomotor abilities such as driving, and changes in motivational levels that produce apathy and a lack of striving for achievement. Finally, there are a number of factors that influence the effect of a particular drug (Earleywine 145). There are factors associated with the drug, including its purity and the method of its purity and the method of its administration. Subject variables that are important include body weight, metabolic rate, whether or not the person has eaten, general state of health, and previous experience with the drug. In trying to predict how any one person will react to a drug, these factors, and many others, must be taken into account. But there is another important variable that plays a major role in drug reactions, and too often its effects are overlooked ( Baron 119).   That variable is the user’s expectation of the drug’s effect. Research has shown that the experience many drug users will have is not just a result of the physiological and biochemical changes produced by the drug, but also depends on how they think they are supposed to respond, or how they see others around them responding. These factors must also be considered when evaluating the reasons for altered states of consciousness through drug use. a.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Respiratory effects: Because marijuana smoke is deeply inhaled, retained in the lungs, and contains many of the same harmful ingredients as tobacco smoke, users show signs of impaired lung functioning when compared to nonusers. Like tobacco smoke, marijuana smoke contains carcinogenic agents, but since many pot smokers also tobacco, it has been hard to isolate marijuana’s impact on lung cancer. At this point, the evidence is merely suggestive (Earleywine 156). b.)  Ã‚     Immune system: Animal studies have suggested that marijuana can dampen the body’s resistance to disease, but no studies have been done to confirm or refute this danger in human beings (Earleywine 156). c.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mental effects: While there is no evidence that marijuana causes the brain to shrink, it can lead to a motivational syndrome, which researchers define as a mental dulling, emotional blunting, and loss of drive and goal-directedness (Earleywine 156). IV. Why should it be legalized? Marijuana is being used as legal medical therapy for several conditions. Careful studies have shown that it is effective in treating severe nausea in cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy. Older patients seem to respond less well than younger patients and complain more about side-effects, including feeling â€Å"stoned.† Researchers are continuing studies of marijuana’s possible usefulness in reducing pressure within the eye in glaucoma and in treating muscle spasticity (Goode 575). Marijuana has been used for thousands of years, both as a medicine and for its intoxicating effects. In the form of tablets, marijuana is frequently prescribed to relieve the nausea and vomiting that often accompany chemotherapy. Its non-medical use, however, is illegal in the United States and most other countries. The penalties for possessing or using marijuana are, in many states, as severe as those imposed for the possession or use of much more potent drugs. Many argue that marijuana is no more harmful than cigarettes and liquor and should be legalized ( Julien 489) V. Conclusion Marijuana serves as a hindrance for people to achieve high and be successful. Due to its ill effects it stops them from being an achiever and it causes them to be ill motivated. They will see things in a different outlook because of the side effects of marijuana. Yes, Marijuana could help medically but let us consider how greatly it will exploit the individual’s body. At low moderate doses, marijuana acts somewhat like alcohol and some tranquilizers, and like alcohol, the drug takes effects within minutes. Unlike alcohol, marijuana at low doses does not dull sensation but may cause slight alterations in perception, so that it is unsafe to drive a car for as long as 4 to 6 hours after a single joint. After the thorough studies, I therefore conclude that marijuana should not be legalized because it has more negative effects than positive. If our nation legalized the use of marijuana, many people including young and old suffer the above mentioned negative effects. On the other hand, the use of marijuana should be case to case basis and should only be used for medications. Generally, Marijuana does not do any good to the people. It only destroys them and eventually it will be bombarded to our economy because they are the one’s working, the citizen of a country and if the usage of Marijuana will be legalized it will just give a detrimental effec t to a country’s economy.

Climate Justice And Individual Responsibility Philosophy Essay

Climate Justice And Individual Responsibility Philosophy Essay In the last couple decades, ethical debates have begun to shed light on climate justice. The big questions these ongoing climate justice debates tend to ask are whether or not the disadvantages of future generations as a result of climate change finds present and past generations culpable, as a society or as an individual, and who it is that must take responsibility for the compensation and conservation that must now occur. The two fallacies that I have thus far encountered in reviewing some climate justice literature are as follows: first, that the non-identity problem is a sound argument to deny that our present inaction on global warming and climate change harms individuals in the future, and second, the view that Walter Sinnott-Armstrong holds that our individual actions in the present will have no impact on future generations, and therefore we hold no individual moral responsibility to go green, but rather our governments hold that responsibility for us (Sinnnott-Armstrong, 344) . In this paper, I attempt to resolve these two fallacies with my own argument on an individuals moral responsibility in the face of climate change, argued in part with Immanuel Kants deontology, and following some clarification on the nature of justice and ethical theories. I will come to assert that, assuming climate change is a grave issue that will harm many people in generations to come, individuals do have a moral responsibility to take action in regards to climate change in accordance with a moral duty, born of the rights of future generations. This argument is based on the assumptions that climate change is an issue that will create serious problems for future generations living in parts of the countries that are not able to properly adapt to the rising sea levels and extreme weather conditions that climate change will cause (Gardiner). It also assumes that climate change will cause harm to these future populations, as massive death and displacement will likely take place if adaptation measures are not taken. These are facts that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have studied and determined true, concluding in their research not only that the balance of evidence suggests discernible human influence on climate change, but also that the long-term impact of climate change will have predominantly, if not uniformly, adverse impacts on the health, cultural life, and economic prosperity of future human populations, (Page, 53-4). One of the biggest issues fracturing the climate justice debate is how justice can be defined in regards of the responsibility involved with climate change. Climate change is not a standard moral problem, and thus cannot be judged like one. The paradigm of a standard moral problem is where one clearly identifiable agent intentionally harms another clearly identifiable agent, close to the former in space and time (Schinkel). However, because climate change happens so gradually, and it is impossible to determine the exact impact of present acts of greenhouse gas emission on future effects of climate change, there is no clearly identifiable criminal, victim or even crime. As James Garvey puts it, theres no one standing red-faced next to a broken vase (60). This means that determining the consequences and who is responsible for them is very difficult. Our justice system is so far only compatible with identity-dependent theories of justice, theories that aim to make particular human being s, or animals, healthier or happier or rescue people from harm or disadvantage, particularly if these disadvantages arise through no fault of their own, (Page, 58). Because there is no identifiable harm to these particular human beings of generations to come, climate justice faces a problem of non-identity. The non-identity problem, explains Edward Page in his work Intergenerational Justice and Climate Change, arises from the fact that conception and genetic identity is so highly sensitive to antecedent events that after a few generations, and depending on which policy we choose, completely different sets of people will come into existence (Page, 56-7). These different sets of people will owe their entire existence to the decisions and actions of past generations, Page explains. Thus, because we assume that these particular individuals lives will still be worth living under those necessary conditions of their existence, we cannot determine how they are helped or hindered by our pres ent sacrifices (57). So, why sacrifice? In my opinion, the non-identity problem is a convenient excuse to attribute no crime, and therefore no responsibility, to present generations. It takes advantage of the insufficient data available to decipher exactly how much harm wasteful greenhouse gas emissions in the present will cause to individuals in the future. Although the amount of harm is indefinite, panels like the IPCC have concluded that certain communities of future generations will be significantly disadvantaged and deprived if nothing is done about climate change (Page, 53-4). Edward Page offers a revised theory of identity-dependence in light of this that he claims will solve the non-identity problem (63). The group-centred theory of climate justice states that the communities which future people will belong to are deserving of concern and respect in their own right; and if present actions have the result either that these communities die out altogether, or are damaged in the sense that various communal practices ar e undermined, they are morally objectionable (64). While this theory is a step towards moral progress on the climate justice issue, intuitively it does not feel sufficient enough. When it comes to intergenerational justice, what is the tipping point? How many people must be affected for a particular community to be deserving of concern and respect in their own right (64)? In light of this, I feel that this theory will still not do. Future populations will be affected, and thus future communities will be affected and future individuals will be affected; in my opinion, there should be no grand distinction between groups and individuals when it comes to harm and disadvantage. While Pages group-centred theory at least helps identify victims in the intergenerational injury, it still only recognizes our duty to future communities of people. While this may be sufficient enough to promote conservation methods, I still believe his theory does not go far enough in recognizing future individuals as victims to climate change. If the group-centred theory solves the non-identity problem by imagining victimized groups of people, why cannot the fact that there are individuals within that community that will be personally harmed by climate change negate the non-identity problem as well; individuals whose homes will be submerged or destroyed by hurricane or tsunami, causing them to be displaced or killed. Most would agree that a communitys risks of losing its culture or language are not as grave as an individuals risks of losing his home or life. Naturally, there is more utility in a community than in a mere individual, however I fail to see the difference in moral wort h between a community and an individual. To us in the present generation, both entities are moral patients, with rights and duties owed to them. Moral patient is a deontological term to describe a non-rational being with rights, such as an animal, a child or a person with a mental disorder (Gheaus). Because they are non-rational, they do not have moral duties, only duties owed to them by moral agents, rational beings who are capable of moral understanding (Gheaus). Those individuals that will be harmed by climate change in the future are currently very young or unborn, and therefore not yet rational. We have a duty to them to uphold their rights, and they have the right to the same conditions of life as their forefathers. However, while we can acknowledge that we have a duty to future generations, it is not as clear to us which actions are according to that duty. As in most moral problems, it is helpful to consider tried and true moral principles to determine how we ought to act. While I dont see universal merit in absolute Kantianism, I feel that Kants deontology is the right principle to consider for climate justice because it focuses not on consequences (which as I have explained is and has been unclear to present and past generations) but on duty according to the categorical imperative (Gheaus). The categorical imperative has two formulations: the first, to act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law, and the second, act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only (Gheaus) Sinnott-Armstrong denies that Kants theory imposes a moral obligation to prevent wasteful greenhouse gas emissions, claiming that when he goes for a joyride in a gas-guzzler on a Sunday afternoon, his maxim is to have harmless fun , and that does not make for a problematic universal law (338). However, Sinnott-Armstrong explains in detail earlier in the article that this gas-guzzling GHG-emitting joyride has no practical, emotional or clinical benefit for him (334). Therefore there would be little sacrifice involved in refraining from driving the gas-guzzler. Hypothetically if Sinnott-Armstrongs maxim were adopted as a universal maxim, and if millions of others worldwide began driving gas-guzzling cars on a weekly basis, or began doing other acts of wasteful greenhouse gas emission because they also considered it non-profitable harmless fun, then that fun would not longer be so harmless. All of those wasteful emissions would go into the atmosphere and contribute to the Greenhouse effect, eventually leading to climate change and indefinite harm on future generations. However, Sinnott-Armstrongs argument does shed light on the fact that using Kants deontological argument to defend climate justice is overly dema nding of supererogatory duty. Who should say that we in present generations should never have harmless fun when it emits wasteful greenhouse gas emissions? After all, our environment needs some greenhouse gas emissions to operate (Garvey, 9). This is where it is important to distinguish between the two types of duty in deontology. Perfect duty is to always act according to the two formulations of the categorical imperative, with absolutely no exceptions (Gheaus). A perfect duty is thou shalt not kill, for example. An imperfect duty on the other hand is to act such that we make other peoples ends our own (Gheaus). Imperfect duties are a little less clear, as the agent must choose when and towards what cause to perform these duties, since it is impossible to perform them all the time to everybody (Gheaus). Preventing wasteful greenhouse gas emissions is an imperfect duty; we are not required to perform it all the time and at every opportunity. If we did, that would likely decrease our own benefits such as money, time and convenience in the process to ultimately ensure that the same benefits of future generations are not decreased. This does not make sense to do. This leads me to the second formulation of the categorical imperative, to not treat any person as a mere means but also as an end. Sinnott-Armstrong rejects this formulation as well, claiming that for me to treat someone as a means implies my using harm to that person as part of my plan to achieve my goals. Driving for fun does not do that, (338). However Sinnott-Armstrongs argument is too narrow in its scope. Driving a gas-guzzling car is using the earths unlimited resources for ones own pleasure, and is thus using the earth as a means to ones purposeless ends. Of course, human beings are permitted to use the earth as a means to their ends and always have, but that is not to say we should treat the earth as a mere means and not an end at the same time. Even in an anthropocentric theory of intrinsic value, that attributes value to the earth only by virtue of its value to human beings, the earths ends are our ends (Page, 59). When the earths resources are exhausted or destroyed by cli mate change, humanity will be inevitably extinguished. Therefore we have a duty, though imperfect, to future states of humanity (as we in the present will not likely still be alive at the end of the world) to treat the earths ends as our own where it is not too overly demanding or costly. Sinnott-Armstrong argues that individuals do not have a moral obligation to conserve energy but only to elect a government that will adopt conservation policies (344). Finding and implementing a real solution is the task of governments, he argues (344). However, as a matter of the universalizability principle, this is not sufficient enough. Individuals have a moral responsibility to conserve energy where they can and when they can; I agree that electing candidates with conservation platforms is a proactive way to do something about climate change, but I also think the responsibility should be reflected in peoples lifestyle. Recycling, switching to energy-efficient appliances and lightbulbs and walking or biking instead of driving are all simple ways to modify ones lifestyle to conserve energy and uphold the duty to future generations. Action starts with the individual. While the theories of Page and Sinnott-Armstrong shed light on the issues surrounding climate justice, I feel that they do not go far enough in attributing moral responsibility to individuals to conserve. Looking to Kants deontology allows us to see that we do have a duty to future moral patients, and a responsibility to make the earths ends our own ends as well. I only hope that, for the future of our planet and generations to come, all these words exchanged over climate justice are followed by individual action.

Toni Morrisons Sula - Sula and Nel as Soulmates Essay -- Sula Essays

Sula and Nel as Soulmates in Toni Morrison's Sula In examining the two distinct characters of Nel (Wright) Greene and Sula Peace from Toni Morrison's Sula, a unique individual soul emerges from the two women. This soul takes into account good, bad, and gray area qualities. They gray area qualities are needed because, while Nel exhibits more of the stereotypical "good" qualities than Sula, the stereotypes of good and bad don't fit the definition completely. Nel and Sula combined create a type of ying and yang soul, each half including some of the other half. While at times the two women are polar opposites of one another in point of view, they arrive at their opinions with the help of the other. The two characters need each other in order to exist to the extent that they become "two throats and one eye" (Morrison 2167). A physical example of how connected the two girls are is seen when they line up head to head forming a straight, continuous, and complete line (2124). The greatest influence on a growing girl is her mother, and in some cases, like Sula, her grandmother. In order to fully grasp the connection between Nel and Sula, one must examine who and what their mothers were and what traits and beliefs they handed down to their daughters. Nel's mother, Helene, sought to teach her daughter the ways to be a stereotypical "good woman," a supportive wife and a caring mother. As an example to her daughter, Helene took great pleasure in raising Nel and found in her "more comfort and purpose than she had ever hoped to find" in her life (2105). Helene took pride in motherhood and was proudest when someone complemented on how "obedient and polite" Nel was (2105). Helene's embracing of these qualities, an accommodation to the sta... ...;http://www.time.com/time/magazine/1998/ > (accessed on September 9, 2001) Morrison, Toni.   Sula.   New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 1973. "Toni Morrison."   Contemporary Authors, Gale Research, 1993; abstracted at <http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~mmaynard/morrison/biograph.htm>   (accessed on September 26, 2001) O'Neill, Cynthia.   Goddesses, Heroes and Shamans.   New York: Larousse Kingfisher Chambers Inc., 1994. Pessoni, Michele. â€Å"‘She was laughing at their God.’: Discovering the Goddess Within Sula.† African American Review 29 (1995): 439-451. Rigney, Barbara Hill. The Voices of Toni Morrison. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1991. Rubenstein, Roberta. â€Å"Pariahs and Community.† Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K. A. Appiah. New York: Amistad Press, Inc., 1993. 126-1 58.   

The Psychological Effects of Dormitory Architecture and Layout on Resid

The Psychological Effects of Dormitory Architecture and Layout on Residents For many students, part of the experience of going to college is living in university housing. With so many young people living in such facilities, it is certainly worth investigating how they affect their denizens from a psychological perspective. It is established that one's environment is a major determinant in one's emotional and mental state. This paper will focus on architectural elements, such as floorspace, room layout, and occupancy levels of University residence halls, and how said design elements enhance or impede human interaction and individual moods. In addition to a general overview of the principles of environmental psychology and how they are routinely ignored by Florida State University in their dormitory architecture, several residence halls will be considered and detailed separately. Of primary importance in dormitory design is the issue of privacy. In Designing Places for People, author C.M. Deasy states: Privacy is as important to dorm residents as it is to anyone else, but it is usually much harder to obtain. Dormitory or barracks living implies being surrounded by people. Being alone or sharing private time with someone else is normally not considered to be an option. If privacy is needed, it must be sought somewhere else. In this regard dormitories fail to provide for an important human need. (58) Unfortunately, few steps are being taken to improve upon this. It often falls to individual residents to develop a system by which they can each receive the necessary privacy. Even with the creation by those living in a residence unit of a system by which each individual can achieve privacy, it is hardly assure... ...it would not prevent all instances of incompatible room or suitemates, it would weed out obvious mismatches, and probably raise the overall satisfaction levels of residents considerably. In the future, when constructing dorms, Florida State should most definitely use the suite configuration. It provides additional privacy in the form of semi-private bathrooms, and promotes socialization. As stated above, though, all residents of a suite must be able to tolerate one another, so careful screening in room assignment is critical. If any new dorms are constructed they should have at minimum 125 square feet. More, between 150 and 200 would be preferable. All of the information in this paper is only useful so long as someone uses it. It is the sincere hope of the author that the research and conclusions be put to good use by students and faculty alike.

Ford Motor Company Case Study Essay

Question 1. During the year 2006, Ford Motor Company suffered its biggest operating loss to date at the cost of $12.6 billion. A year later in 2007, things didn’t improve much as Ford posted a $2.7 billion loss. This corresponded with increasing deterioration in market share, with the majority of these losses being captured by other competitors. Ford had seemingly fallen down a slippery slope, and found itself in a hole it was struggling to surface from. This was all gearing up to the three-year recession that hit the U.S. and Global economies extremely hard. Ford’s competitors, General Motors and Chrysler, found themselves also struggling to get a foothold suffering such losses that both companies had to ask the government for massive bailouts while also filing for bankruptcy. Ford was apparently heading for the same disastrous bailout, but then Alan Mullaly stepped in as the new CEO and implemented a series of crucial strategic maneuvers. These strategic maneuvers that he coined as â€Å"One Ford,† aided them in getting a foothold out of the hole in which they dug for themselves by losses in market share. One such important strategic maneuver utilized by Ford was the reorganizing of its product line. It did so by standardizing components and making a stable of products that is more clearly defined for each market segment (Senna, 2013). Some benefits Ford has achieved through reorganizing its product line come from standardizing components globally and making a stable of products that is more clearly defined for each market segment (Senna, 2013). Before the change in demand, vehicles in Europe verses the U.S. were made with different components which built variations for their respected continents. These different unique components complicate production and with that complication came more cost. Ford then, under Mullaly’s direction, began to address this problem by building different models with the same or similar high quality components over the globe (Zboch, 2009). They use common parts to streamline the production line and reducing the number of unique vehicle parts. By standardizing components and reducing the number of different  platforms it offers, Ford is able to achieve better economies of scale and flexibility, which contributes to lower production cost for each new product (allowing them to prod uce hybrid and electric models more affordably for consumers) and also shift production to address changes in customer demand quickly (Ky, 2012). The Focus and Fiesta lines now use a single platform for each international market. Ford has also started making a stable of products that is more clearly defined for each market segment (small, medium, and large cars, utilities, and trucks), which also comes with benefits for the organization. Ford reduced its nameplates portfolio from 97 to between 25-30 and also brought over the Fiesta from Europe to the United States. The reduction allowed them to focus on global customer demand more intimately, by adapting the vehicle platforms to meet specific regional needs and produce vehicles that customers really want. This change still offers customers a large range of options despite the reduction in Ford’s nameplates (Zboch, 2009). Question 2.Ford has made various product modifications to the Ford Explorer with emphasis on safety and improving the customer experience to increase customer loyalty. They are consistently thinking of new design modification and exploring new opportuni ties with regards to new technology. They are using these new technologies to create new solutions for recurring safety problems. One such new technology is the curve control technology which works by measuring how quickly the vehicle is going and comparing that with how quickly the diver is trying to turn. When the vehicle is not turning as much as the driver is steering it activates and applies the precise amount of breaking required on each wheel to enhance the traditional stability control system. Ford also introduced the radar-enabled adaptive collision warning system to the Explorer, which helps drivers avoid potentially dangerous crashes by using radar to detect the position of other vehicles and warn the driver of these vehicles. Ford also instituted the first rollover-activated side curtain airbags (called Safety Canopy) and the first inflatable rear seatbelts into their Explorer (Ford, 2013). Ford also puts emphasis on going green, as the engine of the Explorer can have an EcoBoost which gives the engine high horsepower without losing fuel economy (Ford, 2012). Question 3.The new products coming out from Ford have recently put more attention on greater fuel efficiency as they have become a leader in fuel economy. Before the recession, Ford and most of its  competitors focused more on manufacturing vehicles with high fuel consumption and largely overlooked the increasing market for small cars. The oil shock of 2008 hit it resulted in rising fuel costs and brought about a change in consumer demand as a trend developed for â€Å"green† fuel efficient small cars (Zboch, 2009). Ford then changed its focus to a science-based strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and also increase fuel efficiency of their vehicles. With this strategy they developed an assortment of hybrid vehicles, which can qualify owners for a tax deduction and lower gas prices throughout the year. Ford has moreover enhanced its product line to be more â€Å"green† with the EcoBoost engine that has improved fuel-economy producing responsible resource saving results. Ford is also exploring and investing in alternative fuel opportunities in order to stay on the cutting edge of innovative new alternative fuel technologies like fuel cells, hydrogen power, and ethanol fueled engines. All these fuel saving innovations and opportunities will help increase its market share, while also giving them a competitive advantage (Ford, 2012). Ford has moreover made enhancements to safety technologies like side curtain airbags and inflatable seatbelts, and driver assist technologies like the Curve control and radar-based collision warning systems. Ford has become known as global leaders in vehicle safety by offering these innovative new enhancements ( Ford, 2013) . Question 4.Mullaly made a strategic rationalization when he reversed the discontinuation of the flagship brand line of Taurus. Taurus was once one of the most successful Ford’s cars and he was astonished that Ford had initially planned to discontinue this powerful name (Dolan, 2009). It costs many billions of dollars to build the brand loyalty that the Taurus name invokes and for Ford to throw this significant name recognition away seems to be a waste of a huge asset and a major oversight of the corporation. Mullaly made this fact aware and then strived to recharge the brand in order to bring it back to its former glory. The revamped Taurus is sleeker with a more muscular design and offers a range of technological options, from safety features to the voice-activated entertainment system (Dolan, 2009). Furthermore Mullaly made a strategic contraction by divest ing Ford’s noncore brands like Aston Martin, Jaguar, Land Rover, Volvo, and Mercury. This dissociating allowed them to give the necessary focus they need to revitalize the central Ford brand. Also they  are able to contribute extra attention to revamping their core-platforms by concentrating on accessible market opportunities in order to increase market share, not just here in the U.S but on a global scale (Zboch, 2009). Although this divesting could be considered a form of strategic inconsistency, because these names have brand loyalty and name recognition in and of itself. By selling these brands off, Ford is losing the valuable brand equity that leaves with them, but Mullaly wanted to reinstate the Taurus for its brand equity and not lose the loyalty around that brand. Although it Taurus was once a core-platforms, it still shows somewhat of a strategic inconsistency. Question 5. In the past five years Ford has made changes to their product lines that follow their four pillars. These pillars are quality, green, safe, and smart. In the quality section they have made changes by buying the best quality parts possible and standardize the components that are used in many d ifferent platforms to get the best quality at the lowest cost possible (Ford, 2012). They are in addition working to design and improve engineering characteristics in line with the customer’s wants and needs for their vehicles. An example would be the hands-free Sync entertainment system. In the green pillar, Ford has been developing new ways to produce more fuel efficient vehicles. They have made great leaps in changing to a more eco-friendly manufactures that continue to improve their products fuel-economy (Zboch, 2009). In this example they have started to produce hybrid vehicles and an EcoBoost engine which they are very excited about. For Safety category, Ford is continuing to develop the best quality safety technologies for their vehicles, with the thought of greater protection and avoidance measures on their mind. They are the first to offer systems like side-curtain airbags and inflatable seatbelts in a large variety of platforms and in addition have created new technologies like the curve control and radar-based collision warning system (Ford, 2013). The changed in the smart pillar, Ford has made strides to deliver technologies that not only make the customers riding experience more entertaining, but also make the gives the vehicle added safety. An example of this is the Sync system which works through voice commands and in addition the newly improved safety technologies. Ford has been using these pillars and will continue use them into the future, as guild-lines to be followed as they make changes to their product lines (Zboch, 2009). They believe that with this strategy they  will be able to stay innovative in order to create a competitive advantage that will lead to an increase in global market share. Citations Dolan, M. (2009, Jun 23). Ford’s Mulally sees a Taurus in his future -CEO hopes to revive sedan that once was best-seller; high price, large size are obstacles. Wall Street Journal Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/docview/399050980?accountid=39473 Ford. † Ford introduces new curve control technology to help protect against crashes on curves.†Http://corporate.ford.com/news-center/press-releases-detail/pr-ford-introduces-new-curve-control-32869?cmp=ford_rss_tags%7CTechnology. 2014. Web. 28 Sept. 2014. Ky, Samantha. â€Å"Chapter 10 Product Items.† Prezi.com, 12 Oct. 2012. Web. 03 Oct. 2014. . Senna, Alvin. â€Å"COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE FORD MOTOR COMPANY.† NEWS WEEKLYLOGISTIC. 2013. Web. 27 Sept. 2014. . Ford. â€Å"Year in Review.† – Sustainability 2011/12. Ford Motor Company, 2011. Web. 29 Sept. 2014. Zboch, Heather. â€Å"Innovation and Its Importance at Ford Motor Company.†HubPages. Phoenix Business, 28 O ct. 2009. Web. 27 Sept. 2014. .