Dichotomies in the Workplace Privacy Issues Essay

at that place is a genuine divergence of ideas from both the management and employees view on seclusion issues. Companies often times say and act differently with regards to workplace policies, and employees too founder opposing perspective on secretiveness expectations and their own actions. Employees should have a reasonable expectation of privacy, and the management should be clear and kind of those expectations. In context with privacy concerns, there is the difference in stating the indemnity and acting out the policy, and the expectations of employees privacy and how they act.The Thin Line There is no such specification of having no expectation of privacy in the workplace. (Rasch, 2006) If a company intends to provide the technology and services to its employees granting that it should be of and for corporeal transactions only, then employees must abide to it. But if there ar no policies articulated as such, personal transaction or communications must also be respect ed by companies. The termination of pass judgment privacy differs in purpose.For example, if personal transaction of an employee involves any suspicion on violation of laws, then the management can not protect the privacy of the employee because it can not resist any mandate of the law to act investigation on the employee. It is also related by the US independent Court that employers have the obligation to enter offices and desks of employees for legitimate work-related reasons wholly misrelated to illegal conduct.Lessons on Workplace Privacy Issues It all concludes to straightlaced address of the corporate rules and policies and the implementation of such. Both management and employees must state their expectation on privacy and defy the line on privacy issues as much as possible to avoid the great argument on workplace issues. If policies are made and implemented, then actions should reflect the extent the understanding of the situation.

Decision Support for Best Practices Lessons Learned

Decision support for high hat dresss Lessons asked on bridging the gap surrounded by research and employ pratice. Today, everyone is looking at surmount confides for resurrecting a system or reservation the right choice in acquiring system components. If the right best put ons atomic number 18 use, they help to avoid unwashed problems and improve lineament, cost, or both. However, lifting and selecting an appropriate best practice is non almodal values an easy closingeavor. In most slicknesss guidance, found on grievous envision, is missing a lot the best practice is besides new, still downstairs study, or the existent experiences do not fit the social functionrs consideration.This article reports on a program that tries to bridge the gap between rigorous trial-and-error researchand practical emergencys for guiding practitioners in selecting appropriate best practices. ********** Mevery program managers would agree that using clipping-tested beat out Pra ctices rout out help to avoid common problems and increase the property of a system, lower development cost, or both. For instance, in a short survey at the 2004 assembly on the attainment of Softwargon-Intensive Systems, 48 senior systems and softw atomic number 18 managers hazard up the use of surpass Practices.However, the same survey indicated that it is grave to find such Best Practices. The survey identified the following reasons for this problem * Best practices practic tout ensembley do not exist (i. e. , they hold in not been publicly documented), * heap do not know of a certain best practice, or * Best practices are not easily accessible (i. e. , on that point is no central place to look for best practices). The last point matches a much(prenominal) general study by the Delphi Group in which more than 65 percent of the interviewees agreed that purpose the right nformation to do their trick is difficult (Delphi, 2002). Further research conducted by the U. S. Department of apology ( defense mechanism) think that barriers for the adoption of best practices include * the drop of selection criteria among practices within cost-constrained programs, * the lack of confidence in the value of such practices by the program offices, and * the inability to relate practices to the risks and issues programs were facing. In synopsis, recognizing good practices anddisseminatingthem to the workforce seems to be a samara issue.To track these issues the DoD Acquisition Best Practices Clearinghouse (BPCh) program, sponsored by several offices of the DoD (DS,ARA, National Information Infra construction NII, and justification Procurement Acquisition polity DPAP), was initiated in 2003 (Dangle, Dwinnell, Hickok Turner, 2005). The Fraunhofer touch for Experimental software program engine room, Maryland (FC-MD) was chosen to develop the sign proof of idea for a system to document, evaluate, anddisseminateBest Practices.In collaboration with ot her organizations within the DoD and industry (includingNorthrop GrummanIT, the Computer Sciences breadbasket CSC, and the Systems and Software Consortium SSCI), a prototype system has been built and piloted. It is before long operated and hosted by the Defense Acquisition University (DAU). THE VISION FOR APPLYING BEST PRACTICES The DoD sight for the BPCh initiative is to go out more than secure a list of Best Practices. It is to provide an integrated set of processes, calamuss, and resources which pull up s shams enable learning seekers to secern emerging or ell-proven practices that pass been implemented and proven effective. Practices in the BPCh administer as an education resource to individualslooking forideas on how to improve feel and blend more effective in their job. Clearly, the vision of the BPCh is not to puddle another data cemetery, notwithstanding to develop an information-sharing network around the BPCh alluviation which give foster relationships b etween individuals within DoD and besides partnerships between DoD and industry leaders.The following types of questions illustrate usage events * I just heard nearly accelerated feel testing. Where tramp I find out if its useful or just hype? * Theyve just weakened my testing schedule by 30 percent. Are there any practices that hind end help me better handle that kind of schedule compressing? * I want to add inspections to my quality process. Is it worth the cost and if so, whats a good number one step? Is there nearlyone I fecal matter contact in case of any difficulties? * Ive taken over an eruditeness program just before Critical Design Review (CDR). What practices should I look for in my contractors? * Im in charge of defining a train course as part of thecontinuing educationprogram for quality improvements. What are state-of-the-art or emerging practices that should be addressed? The BPCh has been intentional with the understanding that a wiz practice give the axe never be a silver bullet for each and every project/program.This is because round practices whitethorn only be useful or beneficial in certain circumstances while failing to produce the pronenessd results in others. For example, practices that are absolutely necessary for large, mission critical projects may be too heavyweight forrapid prototypingor Web application development. Practices that work rise up when the development team is located in the same room may not al way of lifes scale well when the team is distributed across the country. Clearly, there exists no one best answer. Practices that are best for one substance ab exploiter might not be best for the next.Therefore, the BPCh puppet responds to substance abuser queries with a list of practices rated by how well they fit the project characteristics of the user making the query. The pre directed selection is compiled using the experience other users piddle had implementing the practice in a similar context . High-quality test about a practice is store and reported with any necessary caveats, so that information seekers hasten a sound basis for making up their own minds addicted their inescapably. APPLYING technology TO DELIVER BEST PRACTICESTo develop the BPCh dent, we applied FC-MDs emperor approach ( hold oversight Portal using Empirical Results as Organizational Resources). This approach develops use of all kinds of for saleevidentialdata from research and industry, analyzes and packages it, and disseminates it with a Web- ground accept Base. The EMPEROR is based on the experience factory approach, essential by Basili, Caldiera, and Rombach (1994), which has been successfully employed to facilitateorganizational learningatNASA(Basili, et al. 1995), D call forlerChrysler (Schneider & Schwinn, 2001), and elsewhere inNorth America, Europe, and Australia (Koennecker, Jeffery, & Low, 2000 Mendonca,Seaman, Basili, & Kim, 2001). An experience factory provides a way to analyz e results based on practical experience, and package what is learned into an Experience Base for new users of the organization to find and apply. Since the users of the BPCh come from a tolerant variety of organizations and programs, any Experience Base volition have difficulties in addressing all user needs.To mitigate this problem, EMPEROR is required to (a) provide enhancer to users, so that they can understand the analysis process and the sources of experience and make up their own minds (b) rate the trustability of each of the used sources, so that users can judge the degree of confidence they have in the information provided and (c) provide a completeness and due date indicator of the practice information taken as a whole, that is, to perform a self- rate based on how much and what quality curtilage can be offered. DATA STRUCTURE OF A BPCH PRACTICEThese sections take in how these requirements are implemented in the case of the BPCh. In the BPCh, each practice has one ass ociated Practice unload, containing information about the practice and what is available in the Clearinghouse, and zero to many say Profiles, each of which contains a summary of a single organizations experience using the practice. A Practice Record consists of 1. A Practice Detail block, which contains information such as the practice name, a short description, and the completeness and maturity indicator for the experience package. . A Practice sum-up block, which synthesizes all available usher data and detects possible application contexts for the practice based on a set of characterizing attributes. This part of the practice drop thereby cedes different users (i. e. , organizations) to make use of the practice. An Evidence Profile contains an example or report of roughly type of program that has used this practice, how they applied it, and what results were obtained.Each Evidence Profile contains the same set of context and result handle as the Practice Summary block, e xcept that the information recorded in each field forget describe only what has been observed in the given context of the particular piece of evidence. In addition, the data structure of an Evidence Profile contains a field for documenting its classification of the trustability. TRUSTABILITY OF A hotshot SOURCE OF EVIDENCE A 20-point scale rates the trustability of each Evidence Profile.A rating of l indicates ananecdotalor on the loose(p) experience a rating of 20 indicates that the results of applying the practice are rigorously measured and substantiated. Points are based on the following four dimensions * how the practice was applied, ranging from a single pilot study to use on multiple real projects * how the results were measured, ranging from an educate guess to a rigorous measurement program * how the evidence was reported, ranging from an informalanecdoteto a peerreviewed publication and who reported the evidence, ranging from a second-hand report to someone directly i nvolved on the team. More information on the rating scale can be found on the BPCh page of the Acquisition Community Connection of DAU (https//acc. dau. mil/bpch). MATURITY OF A PRACTICE recruit A 4-point scale is used to rate each Practice Record to livelyly inform the user of how much, and what type of, information is known about the practice. As required by EMPEROR, this scale focuses on the quality of the overall accumulated information that is available for a practice (i. e. thesynthesizedand packaged information in the Practice Record). Based on the available information we describe the practice maturity as * No status assigned/ sign entry A new Practice Record is initially entered into the BPCh when it is put forward by our experts and/or user communities. Typically at this prison term, only some of the fields in the Practice Detail block are change in and no Evidence Profiles are available. * dye status/ cognisance raised As soon as any evidence becomes available (i. e. , an Evidence Profile has been linked to the Practice Record), the status is set to Bronze take aim.For users, the Bronze Level status indicates that the practice has been nominated by our experts and user communities, and received a preliminary check for applicability. * bills status/ military rank performed When a adequate set of Evidence Profiles is available, the BPCh experts exit fill in the Practice Summary block and the status is set to Silver Level. For users, the Silver Level status indicates that the practice has been selected as promising enough to explosive charge experts in the area to summarize key information. drug users can see at a glance what they should know. * bullion status/Continuously maintained When the summary has been further evaluated (i. e. , vetted) by experts from industry, academia, and government, the status is set to Gold Level. For users, the Gold Level status indicates that the practice has been through with(predicate) a rigorous analysis by a committee of experts in the practice itself as well as by user representatives. Information on Gold Level practices contains the best and widest-ranging experiences we can find. nitty-gritty STATUS OF THE BPCHWe have been piloting BPCh processes and tools by seeding initial pith. At this point the BPCh contains 51 practices at all levels of maturity. Practices that have progressed to Gold Level are those, like inspection/technical review, which have a long history of published industrial experience. Many practices of fill in the area of systems and software program acquisition have few documented sources of evidence or experience. Therefore, we are testing different processes for eliciting information from the workforce.Based on the recommendations of our User consultive Group, the following types of practices are latestly our top-priority areas for additional national * realize Value Management, * Risk Management, * Information Assurance, and * Spiral Development Proces s. We hope that visitors to the BPCh tool will try out the offered features for providing short stories about their own experience with practices in these (or any other) areas. We encourage you to provide feedback as to whether you agree ordisagree withthe existing experiences that have been entered, or thoughts on our BPCh tool in general.LESSONS LEARNED Based on our experience with the BPCh program and other fellowshipmanagement projects, we can formulate some observations which make useful rules of thumb for good practices to constitute such systems. The BPCh program has been machinated along three correspond (but interconnected) tracks, which reflects our first gear lesson learned. LESSON 1 PROCEED IN MULTIPLE DIRECTIONS SIMULTANEOUSLY Progress in building a association bank deposit needs to proceed in multiple dimensions simultaneously field of study collection, tool development, and outreach.Although there is often a temptation to view these as tasks that can be done c onsecutive (e. g. , first the tool will be built, thenpopulated, and then it will be advertised to users), we have found this to be an overly simpleview that diminishes the chance of project success. Constructing the tool prior to collecting essential inwardness and getting users feedback almost ensures that important user needs will be discovered late and will require much more effort to implement. Populating the content without getting user feedback leads to a high likeliness that the content will not really address user needs.More importantly, content needs to come from the user company, if the repository is to have a long life. We have found that for the research team to generate substantial amounts of content is a time-consuming way of recreating what many users already have at theirfinger tips. Finally, engaging in outreach and building excitement in the connection of potential users runs the risk of all prototyping efforts When told how anything is possible in the fina l system, users often come up with many wish list features that are not really linked to their everyday needs.Moreover, users often getfrustratedwith the deadening pace of progress when the system actually has to be implemented, and lose care before the system is fielded. To avoid these problems, we have adopted anincrementalapproach, with content and tool development going on simultaneously and outreach activities to the user fraternity (such as booths at major conferences, or specific User Advisory Group meetings) planned at major milestones.Although this sometimes stretches resources a puss thin, we feel this approach has enabled us to engage periodically with the user community, guide them progress since the lastiteration, and get feedback on ever more climb on versions of the system, with an initial body of content. LESSON 2 MAINTAIN A CONTINUOUS menstruum OF FUNDING Because of the interconnected nature of all the tasks listed above, having a stable financial support st ream is crucial.Requiring the team to take ahiatusfrom the project afterwards a release is delivered leads to lost opportunities for user involvement (users find it hard to match their schedule to the development teams), leads to new content ideas that miss getting followed up on, may result in the loss of expertise if undergo personnel resources are in transition to other projects during the hiatus, increases the personnel learning curve encountered at re origins, and may result in flagging come to in the user community since momentum generated during outreach is lost.LESSON 3 RECOGNIZE THE relation MERITS OF CONTENT Our most important lesson learned is a direct hint of the BPCh vision There is no such thing as a Best Practice. Or, to say it more diplomatically No practice will be best for every project. Practices that are absolutely necessary for large, mission-critical projects may be too heavyweight for rapid prototyping or Web application development. The implications of this lesson are many.Perhaps the most important is related to the tone of the recommendations that users find quite a than arguing as an expert that readers should be following a given practice, or else they are doing something wrong, practices should be recommended to readers on the basis that projects of certain type(s) have found it useful. That is, rather than presenting aforegone conclusionto users, the system should aim at respecting users intelligence enough to enable them to draw their own conclusion, providing sufficient evidence as necessary for those decisions to be sound ones.LESSON 4 envision THE LIFE CYCLE OF BEST PRACTICES Practices (and practice information) are not placid and have a real life cycle. Majorparadigm shiftsin the software development world can have an impact on which practices are recommended. The practices that seemed to be good fits for most projects, when awaterfalllife cycle was the most common approach to software development, are not all equall y applicable at the current time, wheniterative, spiral, and even spry approaches are probably more representative of the state-of-the-art practice.Our recommendations regarding a organise life cycle for practice information are 1. A knowledge repository needs to be continually evolving by accepting information on topics of interest and making it available to users as soon as possible. While some quality checking is necessary to make sure that incorrect, misleading, or incomplete information is disseminated outward, it is better to get information to users as it comes in, than to bide and try to create something perfect.Users should be able to see a timestamp on all information so that they can see if the experiences related are fresh and up to date or come from years ago. 2. However, the desire to get information out quickly should not interfere with the need for validation activities that provide higher confidence in the information. These additional levels of maturity should b e noted, to give users more confidence in the information they find, but should not be used as apreconditionfor displaying content. 3.Content needs to be retired when appropriate. Practices may have a natural lifespan, since the acquisition and development worlds continue to burgeon forth and change on their own. Practices that were good 10 years ago may not be appropriate given todays constraints or technologies. To avoid users finding obsolete information in the repository, reports need to be generated periodically of which practices have received no updates or new experiences in the longest time. LESSON 5 APPLY AGILE STRATEGIES AND PROTOTYPINGTo create the front end of the BPCh tool, which helps users find vista practices, explore possibilities, and get more information on practices of real interest, we have found that prototyping and agile strategies are super valuable for developing knowledge-management systems. on the nose because of the need for parallel activities in dif ferent tracks, and the number ofstakeholdersinvolved (tool developers, content gathering team, end user representatives, sponsor representatives), an agile approach is extremely valuable.The implementation of the prototype BPCh tool was carried on in two-week increments, at the end of which a releasable version was always available. At the end of each two-week period, a demonstration and planning meeting was held with as many of the stakeholders as could be present. This approach was necessary to help us coordinate andprioritizethe evolving expectations of the users as well as the necessary changes that were suggested by the content development team, based on what they were finding. As part of this meeting we learned the following lesson LESSON 6 USE APPROPRIATE LANGUAGESpeak to the users in their language. Do not expect them to learn yours. We realized early on that having the greatest possible content in the BPCh repository would not be of much help if the users cannot find it. To address this we needed to provide multiple paths to the information, so that users could select the path that do the most sense to them. Some specific lessons learned here included 1. Organize around common tasks. The best way to reach users is to organize the contents of the repositoryaccording toeveryday activities that the user performs.This helps users see the repository less as an additional activity that they need to make time for, and more as a value-added to the activities that already consume their time. In the case of BPCh, we added several such perspectives (i. e. , indexes to the content) based around activities of importance to different segments of the user community (e. g. , addressingCMMIpractice areas, constructing a systems engineering strategy, and referencing back to common guidebooks). 2. squeeze as well as pull information.Rather than always expecting users to take time to come to browse the BPCh tool, information can be pushed outward to the user on a perio dic basis. For example, the user could select some practices of surplus interest, and when new experiences come in related to these practices a notification is sent via e-mail. 3. Match users to practices based on context similarity. Since no practice will be best for every project, it is important to match users to practices using context characteristics. This provides the users with a pick list of practices that may be useful in their particular patch, in ddition, it may alert the user to practices that they might not have known about previously. For example, if the user selects a few context variables that describe his/her context, then practices can be prioritized and displayed according to whether they have associated evidence provided by users with similar context information. This is a way of indicating that, even if the practice does not answer a specific search query, users like the current one have found this practice useful and it may be something the user should know. LESSON 7 DEMONSTRATE PRACTICAL EXAMPLES TO INTENDED USERTo engage in effective outreach activities, aimed at building up an implicated and active community of users of the BPCh, we find the following lesson of relevance You can not show initial users an emptydepository. In line with the idea that building a tool like the BPCh needs to proceed on three tracks in parallel (front-end, content, and outreach) is the lesson that populating the content cannot come after the repository is built. Showing users a stick out front-end without an initial set of real content may get their interest for a short time period, but is not an effective way of building an active user community.Users need to see a littler but representative set of content which they can respond to and start generating ideas for the next content or tool release. LESSON 8 UPDATE CONTENT AND FUNCTIONALITY CONTINUOUSLY To keep interest engaged, when users do check back to the order they need to see that updates have been made since last time. Content needs to be continuously updated andrefreshedto stay abreast of trends. If users ever become convinced that the repository does not get updated on a first-string basis, this often spells the end of their involvement.Rather, they need to be cause to come back often enough to find new things and hopefully, as they progress, be motivated to submit responses and ideas of their own showing emerging trends and keeping the content relevant. Thus, user involvement tends to build more user involvement. As users become interested enough to post comments or sendnew ideasto the repository, other users will continue to be interested to show up to see which comments have been added since the last time and possibly find something of interest to their current situationand more likely to find something applicable.One way we have experimented withto reinforce this conceptis to list on the front page of the BPCh tool the most lately added practices and highlight ones th at have been promoted to various maturity levels (Bronze, Silver, or Gold). Thus, one of thefirst thingsusers see is an indicator of how much progress has occurred since their last visit. CONCLUSIONS This article has presented some of the lessons learned with the BPCh program, which aims to document practices and quickly disseminate them to the users. The BPCh, which is based on the EMPEROR approach, makes use of a two-dimensional rating scale.These scales provide users with a quick overview of the trustability and maturity of the stored practice records. The scales allow users to understand and to draw their own conclusions based on a set of evidence from different contexts, from research studies as well as industrial experiences, and using measures at different levels ofrigor. Practitioners can rely on this information without reading in detail through the different evidence sources, unless they are interested in the very minute level of information.In addition, ways to collect u ser feedback and trigger discussions are offered to allow a vivid and growing user community. While initial feedback regarding the BPCh tool has been positive (Turner & Shull, 2005), we are continuing to improve the BPCh program and its associated tool through ongoing research, advisory groups, and user community feedback. We are interested in addressing such questions as How much extra effort tocertifyevidence sets and summaries as correct is worthwhile to users? or Are there subsets or types of evidence that users will find especially worthwhile? We invite you to take a look at our BPCh tool, available at http//bpch. dau. mil. We appreciate all feedback, whether it be submitted through the tool or directly to the authors e-mail. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was back up with funding from the U. S. Department of Defense (DoD), theOffice of the Secretary of Defense(OSD), and the Defense Acquisition University (DAU). We wish to thank the segments of the BPCh team, from DAU, FC-MD, CSC, and SSCI, for the many productive discussions that have amend this work. REFERENCES Basili, V.R, Caldiera, G. , & Rombach, H. D. (1994). Experience factory. In J. J. Marciniak (Ed. ),Encyclopediaof Software Engineering (Vol. 1, pp. 469-476). New York rear end Wiley& Sons, Inc. Basili, V. , Zelkowitz, M. , McGarry, E, Page, J. , Waligora, S. , & Pajerski, R. (1995). SELs software process improvement program. IEEE Software, 12(6), 83-87. Dangle, K. , Dwinnell, L. , Hickok, J. , Turner, R. (2005, May). Introducing the Department of Defense acquisition best practices clearinghouse. CrossTalk, 18(5), 4-5. Defense Acquisition University.Retrieved from http//bpch. dau. mil Delphi White Paper. (2002). Taxonomy Content Classificationmart Milestone Report. Boston, MA Delphi Group. Koennecker, A. , Jeffery, R. , & Low, G. (2000, April). Implementing an experience factory based on existing organizational knowledge. In Proceedings of the 2000Australian Software Engineering Conference(pp. 28-29), Canberra, ACT, Australia. Mendonca, M. , Seaman, C. , Basili, V. R. , & Kim, Y. M. (2001, June). A prototype experience management system for a software consulting organization.In Proceedings of the 13thInternational Conference on Software Engineeringand Knowledge Engineering (SEKE). Ottawa, Canada. Schneider, K. , Schwinn, T. (2001, June). Maturing experience base concepts at DaimlerChrysler. Software Process-Improvement and Practice, 6(2), 85-96. Turner, R. , Shull, F. (2005, November). An observational approach to best practice identification and selection The U. S. Department of Defense acquisition best practices clearinghouse. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering (ISESE2005)(pp. 33-140), Noosa Heads, Australia. Mr. Raimund L. Feldmann is the technical lead for Knowledge and Experience Management at the Fraunhofer touch for Experimental Software Engineering, MD (FC-MD). in the lead he joined FC-MD in 2004, Raimund part icipated in several technology transportation projects in Germany and was also involved in the development of the Virtual Software Engineering Competence Center (VSEK) portal, funded by the Department of Education and research (bmb+f) of the German Federal Government, to offer up-to-date Software Engineering knowledge to subject matter experts. E-mail address emailprotected umd. edu) Mrs. Michele A. Shaw is a Scientist at the Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Engineering. Michele supports clients implementing process improvement, measurement, and experience factory concepts. She has over 25 years of experience in Information Technology including software and expediency development, project management, quality assurance, client care andsubcontractormanagement Ms Shaw holds a BS in Business fromUniversity of Baltimoreand a masters in appliedbehavioral sciencefromJohns HopkinsUniversity. (E-mail address emailprotected edu) Dr. Forrest Shull is a senior scientist at the Fra unhofer Center for Experimental Software Engineering, MD (FC-MD). He is project manager and member of technical staff for projects with clients that have included Fujitsu, Motorola, NASA, and the U. S. Department of Defense. He has also been lead researcher on grants from the National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, bank line Force Research Labs, and NASAs Office of Safety and Mission Assurance. (E-mail address emailprotected umd. edu)

Medicine: Portfolio Tasks Essay

Portfolio toil mental faculty 1Effective claim skills atomic figure of speech 18 the sole foundation of a utilisation education.Study skills or study strategies atomic number 18 approaches applied to learning. They be generally detailed to success in school, considered essential for bring outting salutary grades, and useful for learning done with(predicate) surface ones life.Study skills be fundamental to academic competence. Effective study skills are associated with positive outcomes crosswise mul hintle academic content scopes and for diverse learners. Study skills improve the competences associated with acquiring recording, organizing, remembering and using information. These skills excessively contribute to success in twain employment and non academic settings. Studying is often an individual activity and what full give-and-take for one student with regards to study may not work for individual else. Self regulation is an important aspect of study skill s. Having the ability to conclusion set, work towards deadlines and have persistence in the subject the student is analyse volition assist achieve success. In effect good studiers are good strategy users, they know how to use a variety of purpose specific tactics, to exe bring downe them in a planned requence and monitor their use.A sufficient amount of time needs to be dedicated to analyze to achieve the best outcome. Effective study skills may too assist with issues such as confidence and organisational skills which are use in every(prenominal) day activities some students put one over notes whilst they are reading to help them image what they are reading. Others students may wish to think about as it helps students to experience and admit information. Many students find that by repeating information they retain it. There is little doubt that no two people study the same way, and it is a near certainty that what works for one someone may not work for an an some other (prenominal). The results of poor study skills are penurious time, frustration, and low or failing grades. Its your life, your time, and your future. Effective study skills moldiness be practiced in govern for you to improve. It is not enough to only when think about studying you have to actually do it, and in the help use information from what you do to get better.http//www.wikihow.com/Improve-Your-Study-Skillshttp//psychcentral.com/lib/top-10-most-effective-study-habits/000599 http//www.adprima.com/studyout.htmhttp//www.palgrave.com/skills4study/studyskills/learning/effective.asp http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Study_skillsPortfolio Task Module 2Briefly describe the importance of the interaction among the respiratory and cardiovascular t get outks in maintaining the body s internal sleep.When you breathe in air through your mouth and nose it travels to your lungs. oxygen from the air is absorbed into your simple eyestream through your lungs. Your sum be beat pumps oxygen- rich (oxygenated) pipeline through a network of crease vessels (arteries) to wanders including your organs, go acrosss and poise, all around your body. When origination reaches the capillaries in your tissues it releases oxygen, which cells use to attend to. Cells release desert products, such as deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide and water, which your telephone circuit absorbs and carries away. The used (deoxygenated) line of business then travels through your veins and back towards your content. Your heart pumps the deoxygenated seam back to your lungs, where it absorbs fresh oxygen, releases the coulomb dioxide and the cycle starts a turn over. The primary function of the respiratory formation is to supply the fund with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory scheme does this through breathing. When we breathe, we inhale oxygen and exhale degree Celsius dioxide.This exchange of gases is the respiratory outlines means of getting oxygen to the blood. Respiration is achieved through the mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, and layover. Oxygen enters the respiratory system through the mouth and the nose. The oxygen then passes through the larynx (where speech sounds are produced) and the trachea which is a supply that enters the chest cavity. In the chest cavity, the trachea splits into two weeer tubes called the bronchi. each bronchus then divides again forming the bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes lead at one time into the lungs where they divide into many smaller tubes which connect to tiny sacs called alveoli. The average braggart(a)s lungs contain about 600 million of these spongy, air-filled sacs that are contact by capillaries. The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli andthen diffuses through the capillaries into the arterial blood. Mean patch, the waste-rich blood from the veins releases its carbon dioxide into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide follows the same street out of the lu ngs when you exhale. The catchs task is to help pump the carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull the oxygen into the lungs.The diaphragm is a sheet of muscles that lies across the bottom of the chest cavity. As the diaphragm contracts and relaxes, breathing takes place. When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs. The cardiovascular system is part of the larger circulative system, which circulates silvers throughout the body. The circulative system embroils both the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system moves blood throughout the body, and the lymphatic system moves lymph, which is a clear changeful thats like to the plasma in blood. Blood contains nutrients from the foods you eat and oxygen from the air you breathe. It also contains hormones and cells that fight infection. The blood also transports waste products to versatile places that then promp tly remove the waste from the body. The parts of the cardiovascular system include the heart, which is the organ that pumps the blood, and a network of blood vesselsArteries The blood vessels that take blood away from the heart Veins Blood vessels that return blood to the heartCapillaries Very small vessels that lie between the arteries and veins The portal vein and its tributaries withstand blood from parts of the digestive system to the liver before ambit the heart. The heart is a muscular pump with four chambers inner the right and odd atria and the right and left ventricles.Those four chambers impart the heart to pump blood through the following two circulatory pathwaysSystemic circulation Takes oxygen-rich blood to the tissues and organs of the body Pulmonary circulation Takes oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood back to the heart again.1. The left ventricle of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium.2. Blood is ejected from the left v entricle into the aorta, a large artery. The ascending aorta sends blood to the upper thorax, upper extremities, neck, and head. The descending aorta sends blood to the discredit thorax, the abdomen, the pelvis, and the trim down extremities.3. The blood leaves the ascending and descending parts of the aorta and enters a networkof systemic arteries that convey to all places of the body.4. Blood passes from the smallest arteries (called arterioles) into the capillary beds. In the capillary beds, blood exchanges oxygen, nutrients, and waste products with the tissues.5. The oxygen-poor blood leaves the capillary beds via small veins (called venules) and drains into a network of systemic veins that ultimately lead to the venae cavae ( both of the two large veins leading into the heart). The superior vena cava receives blood from the upper thorax, head, neck, and upper extremities. The inferior vena cava receives blood from the lower thorax, the abdomen, the pelvis, and the lower ext remities.6. The venae cavae empty the oxygen-poor blood into the right atrium of the heart. After systemic circulation, the blood in the right atrium is depleted of oxygen, so it needs to go to the lungs to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen.The pathway from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is called pulmonary circulation, and it takes the following path1. The right ventricle receives the oxygen-depleted blood from the right atrium.2. The blood leaves the right ventricle and enters the pulmonary trunk, which splits into two pulmonary arteries.3. The pulmonary arteries lead to the lungs, where exchange of gases takes place. century dioxide is removed from the blood, and oxygen enters the blood.4. Blood leaves the lungs via the pulmonary veins.The pulmonary veins carry fresh oxygenated blood to the heart while the systemic veins carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart.5. The oxygenated blood enters the left atrium of the heart. The blood in the left atrium moves into the lef t ventricle and enters the systemic circulation.http//www.fi.edu/learn/heart/systems/respiration.htmlhttp//www.mayoclinic.com/health/circulatory-system/MM00636http//www.dummies.com/how-to/content/what-is-the-cardiovascular-system.htmlPortfolio Task Module 3When you ask a patient role to plantar flex a groundwork, what changes supervene within the muscles involved?Plantar flexure is the front man which increases the approximate 90 degree angle between the front part of the ft and the struggle, as when depressing an automobile pedal or standing on the tip toes. The movement in the oppositedirection is dorsifexion, where the dorsal part (top) of the foot is moved in a manner towards the tibia. It ocurs at the ankle. The range of accomplishment for plantation owner flexion is usually indicated in the lterature as 30 to 40 degree, but sometimes also 50 degree. The boldnesss are chiefly from the sacral spinal cord beginnings S1 and S2. Compression of S1 roots may result in rac peachicness in plantar flexion. These nerves run from the lower back to the bottom of the foot. Plantar flexion is the movement of the foot away from the body by bending the ankle.The joints in the ankle are highly involved in plantar flexion.Ankle movement is do possible by the meeting of three thrums tibia (shinbone or thole), fibula (the small bone in leg) and the talus (a large bone in foot). The end of tibiaconstitutes the inner postion of the ankle, wheareas the outer por alson of the ankle is formed by fibula. The ony bulges on either side of toe ankle are called malleoli which embolden is stability of the ankle, joints while standing or walking.Primary muscles for plantar flexion arePosterior compartment of legSuperficialGastrocnemiusSoleusPlantaris (only weak participation)DeepFlexor hallucis longusFlexor digitorum longusTibialis posteriorLateral compartment of leg (only weak participation)Fibularis longusFibularis brevishttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlantarflexionFlexion _and_extension_of_the_footPortfolio Task Module 4A patient comes in with a hot inflamed toe, how does the circulatory system contribute to this process?When kindling occurs in the toes it can be getd by a number of sources, such as gout, rheumatoid arthritis, bunions, bursitis, or ingrown toenails. toenail fervor is typically a cautionary measure that the body takes in chemical reaction to accidental injury or the presence of bacteria. This is generally a normal accompaniment and it is a part of the natural way that the body heals. It may also be incorrectly triggered by certain conditions or infirmitys. Gout, which is a emblem of arthritic condition, is one of the more common gos of toeinflammation. Symptoms of gout often incite the big toe, in which case it may be referred to as podagra. The inflammation is a result of excess uric acid building up in the toe joint. Inflammation that is caused by gout is often seen in people who are overweight, diabetic, havekidney disea se, or that are taking certain medications. Toe inflammation may also be caused by the auto resistive disease known as rheumatoid arthritis.For people with this condition, their bodys immune system attacks tissue that is healthy as opposed to opposeing to injury or bacteria. When this occurs at the toe joints, the result is inflammation. Eventually this will cause other toe problems that can lead to changes that affect a persons ability to walk and wear most types of shoes. Inflammation is at the root of the most serious complications that occur after infection and injury. But while the course of molecular events leading to microbial infection of the inflammatory condition called sepsis is fairly well chthonianstood, is some(prenominal) less clear how and why bodily injury can result in an inflammatory resolution sympathetic dangerous. The process of acute inflammation is initiated by cells already present in all tissues, mainly resident macrophages, dendritic cells, histiocyt es, Kupffer cells and mast cells.At the onset of infection, ruin or other injury, these cells are activated and release inflammatory mediators prudent for clinical signs of inflammation. Vasodilation and increased blood flow resulting causes redness (rubor) and heat gain (heat), increased permeability of blood vessels produce an exudation (output) of plasma proteins and fluid in the tissues (edema), which manifests as a swelling (tumor). Some of the released mediators such as bradykinin increased disoblige sensitivity (hyperalgesia, pain). Mediator molecules also alters the blood vessels to stick out migration of leukocytes, primarily neutrophils, outside the blood vessels (extravasation) in the tissue.Neutrophils migrate on a chemotactic gradient created by local cells to reach the site of injury. The handout of function (functio Laesa) is probably the result of a neurological reflex in repartee to pain. In addition to cell-derived mediators, several acellular biochemical ca scade systems is preformed plasma proteins act in parallel to initiate and propagate the inflammatory solution. These include the complement system activated by the bacteria, and the systems of coagulation and fibrinolysis activated by necrosis, such as a burn or trauma.Human tissues respond to trauma by a complex series of events that have in time to be fully understood. This trauma may be mechanical, thermal, photo or chemical, or brought about through allergic or autoimmune events. If blood vessels have been injure, damaged platelets will activate the clotting cascade. Damaged tissues will release chemical messengers, which start the inflammatory process. In health, sequential phases of proliferation, developing and repair of the damaged tissue follow inflammation. Blood cells and platlets, the immune system and nerves, chemical transmitters, and tissue cells such as macrophages are among the tissues and systems involved in inflammation. The molecular and cellular events durin g inflammation flow into and overlap with one with the other. Initially, neutrophils arrive, followed by macrophages, lymphocites and then fibroblasts, which lay down collagen. Epithelial cells migrate on from suffer edges over the newly laid down dermis and healing is love. mend by first intention will close over 2 5 days a wound healing by arcsecond intention will take longer, the time taken depending on the tissue area that needs to be filled in and covered. The predominance and range of mediator release will go out different types of inflammatory response to occur.The classic and clinical features of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling and pain loss of function is sometimes included in this list. These features are brought about through chemical/inflammatory mediators released from damaged tissues. The main effects of these mediators are on the blood supply, causing vasodilation (redness and heat) and increased blood vessel permeability that stop plasma proteins and immunoglobulins to pass easily into the tissues. Pressure or nerve endings from theinterstitial fluid and the effect of some inflammatory mediators such as affection P and prostaglandins cause pain.Hot inflamed toe it is might be acute or chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is by the increaced movement of plasma and leukocytes from the blood into the injured tissues. A coscade of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local vascular system, the immune system, and discordant cells within the injured tissue.Chronic inflammation leads to a progressive release in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process.The respiratory system gets the oxygen it needs and the circulatory system bring the oxygen along with many other products in the blood to the toe. The digestive system helps sustain nutrients for the toe which the blood brings as part of the circulatory system.http//lyceum.algonquincollege.com/lts/AandPResources/videos/2-4_Inflammatory.html http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp//www.researchomatic.com/ search/Role-Of-Circulatory-System-Inflammatory-Response-56305.aspx http//www.wisegeek.com/what-causes-toe-inflammation.htmPortfolio task Module 5Discuss the possible presenting symptoms after a hard demote on the leg in the area tooshie the genu.A hard knock on the leg to the area behind the knee would certainly be painful. A hard knock to the posterior of the knee could cause many symptoms, depending on the severity of the hit and how long ago it occured. The knee could be swollen or bruiced. compass of motion may be less, or painful. The person may fetter or be unable to fear weight. The kneecap could be displaced. The patient will likely complain of moderate to severe pain. Because the knee is not meant to be hyper-extended, t he person should go to an ER for X-ray or other imaging. Might be the inability to properly bend or change posture the knee. Elevate the leg. Alternate between warm moist heat and ice. To help play along the swelling is check, use an ace bandage to supportthe knee. Dont wrap so tightly that it causes indentantion in the genuflect.Area behind the knee called the popliteal forsa. The nerves most important nerve travelling throught this area is the popliteal nerve that travels to the lower leg and foot and allowing both sensation and motor strength. flaw to the popliteal nerve can cause numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness in the lower leg, ankle and foot.Vascular injury could cause a bleed from either popliteal artery or vein causing a haematoma or blood pool that could causesignificant pain in the area. The main types of injury could include well-off tissue, muscle, nerve and artery/vein , ligaments and menesci. A fur and soft tissue injury could include a mild bruise with s ome redness or brusing. Serathes may occur. If there is a deeper brainstorm and not appropriate would care, an infection could form causing a cutis and soft tissue infection known as a cellulitis. psychic trauma to the muscle could include a split of the plantaris muscle which travels throught the area of the popliteal fossa. tear of this muscle will not result in too much miscreation or motor deficits, but can cause significant pain.The hamstrings insert near the region of the popliteal fossa and could be affected as well causing pain, but unlikely deformity or decreased range of motion. Damage to the ligaments can result in severe pain and disability. The posterior cruciate ligament and the lateral ligaments the medial verifying ligament and the lateral collateral ligament commonly occur with injury during sports and can cause severe disabling pain and motor dysfunction. These are the main ligaments that allow for smooth motion during knee flexion and extension and a tear whic h occurs commonly often learns invasive surgical repair.Finally the menisci which are gristly expressions found inside the knee joint that allow for smooth movement of the bones in the leg. A meniscal tear can occur in a sportsaccident as above with the ligamentous injuries and cause significant pain and decreased range of motion at the knee. This may likewise require surgical evaluation and correction to restore function and eliminate pain. Because the knee is a complicated region and the back of it has many important structures including veins, arteries, nerves, and muscle components, a hard knock to the knee can be passing debilitating and should be avoided whenever possible. Protection of the knee with appropriate gear is critical when dangerous activities are being attempted.http//www.justanswer.com/medical/5lrvt-500-words-referenced-study-following-discuss-possible.htmlhttp//emedicine.medscape.com/ term/826792-clinicalPortfolio Task Module 6Write a proparly referenced essa y on the manipulation and management of a patient with corn whiskysWhen we walk or stand or body weigh is carried first on the heel and then on the ball of the foot where the skin is thicker to withstand the pressure. When this pressure becomes intense, growth in the form of corns and callus may bet. Corns always occur over a bony prominence, such as a joint.A corn is a small areas of hard skin, roughly round in shape, which press into the skin. They are often found over high-pressure areas of the foot.There are fivesome different types of corns. The two most common are hard and soft corns. Hard corns the most common and appears as small, concentrated areas of hard skin up to the size of a small pea, usually within a wider area of changeed skin or callous, and can be symptoms of feet or toes not functioning properly.Soft corns develop in a similar way to hard corns. They are whitish and rubbery in texture, and appear between toes, where the skin is moist fromsweat or from inad equate modifying. A chiropodist will be able to reduce the bulk of the corns and apply antringents to cut down on sweatretentionbetween the toes.If a corn is left untreated it will become painful. A corn will not get better on its own unless the pressure that originally caused the corn is removed. If the cause is not removed then the skin will continue to thicken and become more painful.After some time the body may treat the corn as a foreign body and an ulceration or abscess could develop. These can be serious, e limitedly if they become infected. Infection is a very serious complication for individuals with diabetes, poor circulation and peripheral neuropathy. There are many over the counter corn remedies and plasters that are readily available. These, however, do not treat the cause of the corn and can be uncivilised in many individuals such as those with diabetes, poor circulation, frail skin etc.Podiatric management of corns at Podiatry includesa thorough sagacity to deter mine the cause of the cornimplementation of a management / treatment planManagement plans for the treatment of corns commonly consist of maintenance appointments to keep the corn reduceduse of padding to prevent the pressurefootgear fitting adviceprovision of foot orthotics or supports to relieve the pressure under the foot surgical correction of the bony prominence that may be causing the high pressure areaMost corns and calleures gradually fell when the friction or preassure stops, although sterilize (cheropodist) may shave the top of a calleus to reduce the thickners. Properly positionece moleskin pads can help relieve pressure on a corn. There are also special corn and callus removal liquids and plasters, usually containing saliaytic acid, but there are not suited everyone. Oral antibiotics generally clear up infected corns, but pus may have to be drained through a small incision.Moisturising figure outs may help the skin and remove cracked callures. Apply the misturiing cr eam to the callus and cover the area for 30-60 minutes with aplastic ravisher or a rock. Than gently rub off as much of the callus as you can with a worm towel or soft brush. Using the pumice stone first to rub off a dead skin from a callus after a bath or shower and talk applying moisturaising cream can also be effective.There are also stronger creams containing urea that might be more effective, but do not use these unless recommended by doctor or cheropodist.May consider surgery to remove a planter callus, but there are no guarantees that the callus will not come back. A conservative approach is best initially. Keep your feet dry and friction free. Wear proparly fitted shoes and cotton socks, rather then sheepskin or synthetic fibres that might irritate the skin. If a podiatrist thinks your corn or callus i caused by abnormal foot structure your walking motion or hip rotation, orthopaedic shoe inserts or surgery to correct foot deformitie may help correct the problem. When com plete reduction of the corn is achievied than 25% or 50% silver treat solution may be applied.Example of products that can be used to treat corns and callus includespecial rehydratation creams for thickened skinprotective corn plasterscustomosed soft padding or form bubbles insolessmall foam wedges that are placed between the toes to help relieve soft cornsspecial silicone wedges that change the position of your toes or redistribute pressure.http//www.manchesterpodiatry.co.uk/chiropody/corns.htmlhttp//emedicine.medscape.com/article/1089807-treatment

International Maritime Organisation

Trans fashionation of goods all over the human race can be done by four modes which be railway, road, air and sea. Sea transportation is the one of the antiquatedest transportation mode for some(prenominal) centuries. The publication of ships and types increased quickly in the last two centuries. For instance, the fall of passenger fleets was 106 in 1972 merely it is reached to 226 in 1998 (Alderton, 2004). This growth leads sea relations busy with sundry(a) types of ships carrying million tons of cargoes and passengers. As a bulge outgrowth of this, unexpected accidents started to come out with fatal casualties.Some preventive regulations must(prenominal) be taken both onshore or offshore to evince the responsibilities and gum elastic measures for the marine industry. Regarding to this, countries unavoidablenessed to establish an organization to promote nautical safety. IMO is the first international maritime organization and was established in 1948 (IMO, 20/10/20 05). It was first entered into gist in 1958 and its choose is to ensure safety, to principal(prenominal)tain human injury or loss of life and to avoid disablement to the environment (IMO, 1992). This essay go out explore the IMO conventions and the efficientness of IMO to the marine industry.IMO is have-to doe with with the three important points safety, prevention and control. In order to be effective in these atomic number 18as, rules and regulations must be applied within the conventions. IMO has adopted various conventions and most significant are SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea), philosophy (International Safety Management), COLREG (Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea), MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of defilement from Ships), STCW (International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers) and ILLC (International Convention on Load Lines). Adoptions of these conventions emergency to follow some procedures and long time to become valid. Six main(prenominal) bodies are voluminous within IMO to design, decide and offer the conventions and followed by a political relation acceptance to purge into force. In addition to this, due to the rapid changes in shipping industry, conventions must be keeping updated to satisfy the conditions.SOLAS the main objective of the SOLAS Convention is to specify minimum standards for the construction, equipment and operation of ships (SOLAS, 2001). It was adopted in 1974 and was entered into force in 1980. It was divided into 12 chapters, all requirements and certificates are controlled by the flag commonwealths. It is high-pitchedly focused on* construction stability, subdivision, fire security measure and detection of vessels* life-saving appliances and arrangements lifeboats and liferats* radiotelegraphy and radiotelephony* safety of navigation radars, navigational aids, routeing of ships* safety management of ships operations which is ISM Code* Carriage of goods.ISM scratchIt is known as the one of the most significant IMO invention which is a management system that controls work processes from the top direct to lower, to stimulate safety organization both ashore and onboard. It is applied with property management techniques to order the responsibilities and principles of each action. System must provide safe working environment, to outperform against identified risks and sustained improvement of management and personal skills ashore and alongside (ISM, 2002). pulp 1.1 The safety management model (Bromby, 1995)As shown in conformation 1.1 management systems have some steps to be reviewed regularly in order to know that the system is working effectively.COLREG It was adopted in 1972 and entered into force in 1977. COLREG determines vessels speed, risks and conducts of vessels operating in or near traffic separation schemes. The vessels which are navigating on the high seas or goi ng to connect to the high seas must obey these rules. The other important areas of COLREG are visibility of vessels, lights and shapes, snuff it and lights.STCW It was adopted in 1977 and entered into force in 1984. Examination of the past accidents reports state that the majority of the accidents are caused by tickerkeeping officers. This convention is concerned with the basic requirements on training, certification and watchkeeping. It is divided into six chapters which are general provisions, navigational watch keeping, keeping an engineering watch, radio department, special requirements for army tankers and proficiency in excerption craft (IMO,20/10/2005).ILLC It was adopted in 1966 and entered into force in 1968. Its aim is to reserve buoyancy, freeboard stability and avoid excess stress on the ships remove (IMO, 20/10/2005).MARPOL There was a tremendous increase in tanker production after Second World War II. These tankers were rattling complex to built and operate. Acco rding to this, some accidents occurred with thousands tons of anele discover into water and damaged marine environment. MARPOL was established to prevent the marine defilement from oil color splits, sewages, chemicals and other dangerous products. It introduces some measures, for instance* Segregated barretter tanks are only used for ballast as cargo oil is prohibited to overthrow find faulting problem, tank size limitationation to limit potential oil outflow (Kristiansen, 2005).As mentioned before, all conventions aims are to reduce risks in marine industry. How the marine industry was before and how is it now? In order to find out the effectiveness of IMO conventions, comparison must be done mingled with the past data and current data. The muzzy of ships are illustrated by pulp 1.2 between 1950 and 2000.Figure 1.2 Annual percentage of ships lost creative activitywide (Kristiansen, 2005).According to the Figure 1.2, it is clear that thither is a stabbing decrease in los s percentage that the ratio is reduced from 3% to 0.3% in fifty years. This is directly proportional to the growth in the number of safety regulations that have taken sic between the years 1800 and 2000. Figure 1.3 will show the number of growth in safety regulations.Figure 1.3 Growth in safety regulations (Alderton, 2004)In addition to these improvements, there is a reasonable reduction of oil spill to the environment. According to the IMO, total oil spill in 2004 was 15000 tons comparison to the year 1975 was 2.13 million tons.On the other hand, Table 1.1 shows the annual casualties of world merchant fleet between the years 1993 and 2002.Table 1.1 (Alderton, 2004)Year1993-19971998199920002002Total Casualties10785739997Comparison to the 1950s, by the help of improvements, marine industry becomes safer but needs continuous improvement. Everybody who involves in this industry must always look for zero defects. As shown in Table 1.1, although IMO has made great parkway and reduced the rate of accidents in marine industry, casualties and pollution can lifelessness happen and remain constant. The reasons for these are1. Implementation of IMO RulesIn order to put the IMO rules into force effectively, all parties such as governments, shipping companies, flag states and port states have to make a reasonable effort. The mentioned parties have different responsibilities gibe to their positions while adapting and controlling these rules. These parties must have continuous quislingism and parley with each other but generally they can not. Lack of collaboration leads to misunderstandings and difficulties to put these rules into practice.2. Continuous Revision of Rules and RegulationsThe rules and regulations are updated periodically to keep up with the modern conditions. Although some rules have convenient level of safety, changed several generation and become more complicated. The more complexity means the more problems.3. The cranny Between Developed and Develo ping CountriesDeveloping countries have an important place in shipping industry. They own a reasonable percentage of world merchant fleet. Comparison to the developed countries, it is difficult to adapt the rules immediately because of their government procedures and financial situations. It is not just the IMO problem it is one of the biggest problems in our world. or else of offering temporary solutions such as loans investments, guidance and assistance will be more effective.4. Human SideTo manage marine safety, there must be an excellent co-operation between the people who are on board and ashore. Continuous improvement is needed for both management level and crew. Training and certification must be compulsory under the quality procedures. As mentioned before, ISM Code and STCW are established for this purpose but in the last hundred years, owners decided to flag out and precious to work with low cost crew to get more profitss. As a result of this, accidents appeared because o f untalented crew. For this particular purpose, maritime training centres are extremely important for safety.5. Application Costs of RegulationsIt is not easy to implement the rules and regulations because they need powerful financial situation. In addition to this, the average age of world vessel fleet is going old. Instead of investing specie to these old vessels, owners prefer doing small improvements to the existing systems. Low cost high profit concept leads danger in this industry. At this point, new buildings come out and take an important part. Owners are now investing more money on technological improvements under construction phase with the societies control for safer life. pertly designed ships includes easily operated navigation techniques such as AIS, GPS and radars, stability calculations, tank cleaning systems, fire systems and etc. .In conclusion, mentioned conventions within IMO concept reached to a reasonable success in marine industry. On the other hand, contin uous improvement by taking advantage of technology, collaboration and communication of involved parties are still needed to achieve zero accident targets and clean seas.

Lives of deaf mexicans

The movie Lives of Deaf Mexicans Struggle and victory focuses on the issues of the Deaf Community. Specifically the lack of regimen reinforcement for education, balance in opinions regarding oral communication, and acceptance into the hearing community. It also showed how in spite of these problems legion(predicate) of the people in the film had good lives The differences in opinion regarding the language I found particularly interesting.The National School for the Deaf taught LSI and was a residential school. Once it closed, the educational standard changed and deaf students were taught using the viva Method, which consists of speaking Spanish and lip reading in mean solar daytime school. It was not expressed as such, but it seemed to me that those advocating teaching the oral method acting are cerebration more in terms of assimilation Into mainstream society, and that using LSI would accomplish the opposite. The film touched briefly on those living out of doors of Mexic o City, and their lack of access to any type of school at all.However, it in reality did not address how to solve this problem, other than the creation of residential schools. Nor did It let off why the National school closed or why the government for a period of 1 5+ years stop funding education for the Deaf. Many of the schools In the film were day schools run by various churches. On the whole, the movie did a good rail line of Introducing soul such as myself to the problems faced by the Deaf In Mexico, and It Is lightheaded to assume hat to some degree the Deaf In the States also have some of the same Issues.However, in this country thither Is better access to education, and being Deaf Is not synonymous with having psychical deficiencies. Mexico Is making steps toward Improving the lives of Its deaf citizens, but clearly in that respect Is more work to be done. Oral method are thinking more in terms of assimilation into mainstream society, and problem, other than the crea tion of residential schools. Nor did it explain why the education for the Deaf. Many of the schools in the film were day schools run by various churches.On the whole, the movie did a good Job of introducing someone such as myself to the problems faced by the Deaf in Mexico, and it is easy to assume that to some degree the Deaf in the States also have some of the same issues. However, in this country in that respect is better access to education, and being Deaf is not synonymous with having psychical deficiencies. Mexico is making steps toward improving the lives of its deaf citizens, but clearly there is more work to be done.

Critique on against gay marriage Essay

The modern world is experiencing transition in alone aspects of life. This change is being experienced in marriage whereby some slew atomic number 18 moving a way from the belief that marriage should only aim place mingled with mass of alike sex. They have bygone to an extent of pushing for marriage between people of same-sex to be accorded the same treatment and recognition equitable like the case with the heterosexual marriage. or so people conceptualize that marriage should be heterosexual while opposites believe that even homosexuals have a right to link up and live with their partners just like a husband and wife in contrary-sex marriage.This paper presents a critique in support of gay marriage. The society especially in the current state is crippling with many social problems emanating from heterosexual marriage. hotshot of these problems is unwanted pregnancies which arise from irresponsible relationships. This is an incident which can only go along in a marri age between two people of opposite sex. Embracing same-sex marriage would offer a remedy to this problem because in that respect is no chance of pregnancy in a marriage between gays and lesbians. This would also help in reducing the high cases of deaths and abortion which are being witnessed in the society today.Incase homosexuals decide to adopt a child, the possibility of neglect is very low as this would be a decision between two independent people. Same-sex marriage reduces the dominance by one partner which is associated with union between a man and a woman. For fear of victimization, most gays and lesbians are forced into heterosexual marriages against their will. However, they still enshroud to live their homosexual lives by secretly relating to other homosexuals while staying in the same-sex marriage. Therefore, accepting same-sex marriage will help reduce this unfaithfulness and enhance marriage to one partner (Sullivan, A., 2004). Since the society allows all kinds of people and groups to marry including murderers, thieves as well as marriage between people of different races. Condemning same-sex marriage is discrimination of the minority who are supposed to be protected by the constitution just like any other group. As opposed to what Bennet believes, it would non be the first judgment of conviction that the institution of marriage is experiencing change Marriage between different races which are happening today never happened several years ago (Bennett, J.W. 1996). The buckram position against homosexuality which is adopted by the church is an intrusion into snobby business. This is because marriage is a personal commitment between the two people involved in the relationship. This marriage therefore hurts no one who is not part of the relationship (Bennett, J. W. 1996). Every element of the society is transforming hence disregarding same-sex marriage is simply refusing to accept the natural changes in the institution of marriage.The acce ptation of homosexuality as evident among school pupils is an indication that homosexuality is a thing of the current generation hence nature should be allowed to take its course. Bennet should not argue against adoption by gay and lesbian couples as this would be better that single parenting. The long-term repercussions of same-sex marriage talked active by those against gay marriage are baseless and coming come out of fear of the unknown accepting same-sex union would only serve to crap more choices concerning marriage and people would be guided by individualistic choices.(Bennett, J. W. 1996). Conclusion From the accounts given above, same-sex marriage should be allowed and homosexuals do not be the harsh criticism and victimization that they are undergoing in the society. Legislation and rules presidential term marriage only needs to be adjusted to provide for same-sex union. wing Bennett, J. W. (1996). Gay Marriage Not a very good idea. The upper-case letter Post. OP-ED Pg. A19 Sullivan, A. (2004). Same-sex Marriage, Pro and Con A Reader. New York Vintage Books.

Isolation of Single Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells Capable

Isolation of whizz Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells Capable of Long-Term Multilineage Engraftment A florilegium of distinct progenitors arising from self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) allow for the production of mature daub cell lineages. Human HSCs atomic number 18 poorly understood due to their distinctiveness and difficulty to segregate them from multipotent progenitors (MPPS) to obtain a pure nation for analysis. This study investigates the determining factors of HSCs.It appears that the majority of HSCs are CD34+, as hown by transplant and xenograft repopulation assays, however most of these cells are lineage-restricted progenitors and HSCs are therefore rare. Enrichment of HSCs seems reliant on CD45RA, Thyl and CD38 expection. Further study into the role of each of these factors in HSC specialty is required. In this study a range of assays were carried out in an fire to identify and separate HSCs from MPPs. Recently it was shown that a depletion in Thyl expre ssion in the CD34+CD38-CD45RA- compartment of lineage-depleted cord line of work was ufficient to separate HSCs from MPPs.However, further studies gave rise to concern adjoin this theory. They then used an optimized HSC xenograft assay and flow- sorted cord blood HSCs and MPPs into functionally characterized fractions. Data obtained from this assay suggested that cells with extensive self-renewal potential exist in some(prenominal) Thyl+ and Thyl- subsets. However, more extensive research was required to investigate the contrariety in secondary transfer efficiency between subsets. To distinguish the driving of such disparity the Thyl subsets were sorted intoThyl+ and Thy- cells and cultured with stroma cells known to express HSC confirmative ligands. The results demonstrated that the Thyl- compartment is heterogeneous and contains a small fraction with repopulating activity and a larger fraction with MMP- like activity and therefore may estimate for the differences in efficie ncy between subsets. To further distinguish HSCs in both Thy+ and Thy- subsets they analysed cell surface markers and found only CD49f to be differentially denotative between subsets.Next they investigated whether HSCs could be identified using CD49f expression. Data recovered indicated that piece HSCs are indeed marked by CD49f. Further tests were carried out on Thyl-CD49f+ and Thyl-CD49f- subsets. Results revealed Thyl-CD49f- cells are short term HSCs as they fail to engraft long-term, indicating that these are MPPs. Investigation into the role of mitochondrial dye rhodamine-123 (Rho) in HSC enrichment. Results indicated twofold enrichment for HSCs compared to Thyl+ alone as opposed to Thyl +Rholo.The next aspect nvestigated was whether the addition of Rho to Thyl +CD49f+ would permit robust engraftment of undivided human HSCs. This investigation was carried out using single cell transplanting with two separate experiments focusing on engraftment and Thyl +RholoCD49f+ cells pro vides evidence that human HSCs express CD49f. These findings illustrated by Notta et al. will aid in identifying gene regulatory networks that rate human HSC function and therefore allow manipulation of human HSCs ex vivo with the aim of overcoming the barriers associated with transplantation.

Research Proposal on Database Usability Issues

on that point are distinct types of database usability issues you could talk almost the problems that occur when a drug usancer views a database system . i. e. the exploiter pull up s sequesters see different from what the database contains. except with the advance in purpose of highly moveive calculating machine systems continues at an ever so-increasing pace, with sore developments in hardware and software being announced to a greater extent frequently than ever before. (Lawson, J. Yull, S. Anderson, H. Knott, G. & Waites, N. 2005, pg 258)So with the increasing moveive ready reckoner systems, inwardly this res pinnulech proposal I am going to talk about the problems that a user may come across in the organize of practical(prenominal) creation VR, graphical user interface graphical user interface and gentle computer interaction / interface HCI. The aim of this unit is to provide an sagacity of the importance of VR, GUI and HCI in the development of user friendl y computer software and to inform the articulateer about the components that may be tortuous in these features.The Objectives that I want to achieve is to define what is meant by the price VR, GUI and HCI. I in any case want to show what applications use virtual(prenominal) reality, Human computing device Interaction and pictorial User Interface. The motivation I had to pick the topic of database usability issues was that I hit learned about it in the past and I mat confident that it is an area that I enjoyed. It is give away to write about something that you enjoy, so then the reader tramp notice the confidence in the polish. It was also a topic I precious to look further into especially the HCI factor.Within this initial literature review I hit looked at a number of books and websites that I recover would help me in findings definitions for all usability features. I also looked at what applications use virtual(prenominal) worldly concern, Human Computer Interaction a nd Graphical User Interface. agree to (http// expectcio-midmarket. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci213303,00. html ) Virtual reality is an artificial environment that is created with software and presented to the user in such a way that the user suspends belief and accepts it as a real environment. This means that the user lead oblige a go throughing of being able to enter a virtual world. roughly of the current virtual reality environments are displayed either on a computer screen, and some simulations even include additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphone. All the features make a pretend virtual reality world seem real. The uses for virtual reality are infinite. It can be used for air traffic control, medicine, entertainment, location bet and industrial design.However, along with the good comes the bad. Virtual Reality could also be used for destructive purposes, such as war and crime. (http//library. thinkquest. org/26890/virtua lrealityt. htm) So with having the brilliant feature of being submersed into an alternative world, there can also be down stances as puff up. For example I would say that play would be one of the most popular virtual realities, and in the intelligence service you also here about how mealys are taking over childrens lifes, and it is contributed to make kids obese.This is true, but if used in the correct sort a VR can cause feeling of excitement. GUI or Graphical User Interface would possibly be the graphics that may be used to help create a virtual world. Galitz, W. (2007) also make a good point in saying that GUIs are looked at in terms of their components, characteristics, and advantages over the older text-based systems. (Galitz, W. 2007) A brilliant paraphrase I feel was found on (http//searchwindevelopment. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid8_gci213989,00. tml). A GUI is a graphical (rather than purely textual) user interface to a computer. As you read this, you are looki ng at the GUI. I love this recite because its true, I know that there are no images or graphics on this document, but if you were to open this document on a web browser this would be the graphical user interface you would see. I personally feel that graphics play a major(ip) region within a program whether it is a website, database or presentation. I feel as if heap recognise images before text.For example if we look at YouTube, tidy sum automatically recognise videos before even reading its patronage or description. On a website your eye is drawn to an image. So by having a program that structureds high quality images, and maybe even videos, you depart be catching the audiences attention. HCI or Human Computer Interaction is a process that evaluates the interaction between the user and a program. For example does the user take advantage of features a program may have, do they use headphones when using a program.Everything that is used to create a VR (virtual reality) or cre ate GUI (graphical user interface) is put into play at HCI. According to (Dix, A. Finlay, J. Abowd, G. & Beale, R. 2004) Human computer interaction is the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for triple-crown interaction with human beings. So HCI takes into account both sides of the computers users. It looks at things ilk the computer graphics, operating system, and programming language and on the human side according to (Cairns, P. Cox, A. 2008) communication theory, graphic and industrial design disciplines, linguistics, social science, cognitive psychology, and human performance are relevant. So for a program to incorporate good HCI, it could contain features such as movable interfaces with pull-down menus, dialog books, catch boxes, scroll bars etc. By incorporating features like these to a program the user will feel they have more(prenominal) of a commentary on what they are doing, this mainly created by the fa ct that the user will get the feeling that they are controlling what they do. only according to (Preece, J. Rogers, Y. Sharp, H. Benyon, D. Holland, S. & Carey, T. 1994) A decade ago, when our understanding of HCI was more limited, many systems developers might have felt that good intentions were the major requirement for producing an effective HCI design. However with the amount of changes that computers have gone through in the past decade, HCI is now better than it ever was. HCI nowadays is about giving a user the freedom to interact fully with a program whether it be a website, a game or a database etc.With the rapid increase in new technologies and computers now smaller than ever, with more applications forthcoming and more advanced virtual reality experiences we can only wonder what else can the future hold. We have already switched to digital photographs, mobile phones with GPRS, something that 20 years ago would have been laughed at. In fact GUI has taken a major take sha pe into high definition. HCI has improved with the aspect of touch screens and wireless keyboards etc, and Virtual Reality has even branched out into the ergonomics sector.It has produced a chair that will receive audio and vibrations from a program on a computer or TV. For example if you get shot at in a game, you will feel as if the bullet is just passing you ear and the vibrations captivate you so you feel like you in the actual game. But there is still some doubts that need answered like 1. Why hasnt the changes in HCI and GUI have an effect on things like teletext? 2. I would also like to investigate into a device that has become easy in the last year and find out why it hasnt been available before. 3.I want to find out how far Virtual Reality can stretch. 4. I would also like to know if VR, HCI, GUI has had a major impact on the obese children of Brittan. 5. What aged people think about the change in technology today? 6. in conclusion I would love to know how childhoods ha ve changed over the years with more and more computer devices available. I would use the internet mainly to amass my findings, but I would also look towards books and journals. I would use search engines to help me answer question one, and two. By doing this I could visit different sites that might give me answers.I would probably use on-line forums for question three and four, to get a prospective on other people opinions. But for question four I would also use news show websites to find statistics if any. For question five I would maybe visit an elderly / retirement home, or send out questionnaires hoping to find information that will help me answer my questions, I would also use questionnaires for question half-dozen but a little less complex maybe. As well as the questionnaires for question six I would probably go to a school and ask the kids myself, to get a real response.To obtain answers from my research I would plan question six before school ends for summer, I would ask the kids what they plan to do for the summer, and when they exceed in September I would ask the same kids what they actually did with the summer. I would use the same invention for question four, I would ask for permission to maybe take business of different kids weight and height before they left for summer, and after they return from there break I would weigh and measure the same kids to work out if the summer has been an active one.Everything else I feel has no major rush but maybe for question three I would take note of the highest quality Virtual Reality system there is available now and in six months I would check if it has been improved any. REFERNCES Cairns, P. Cox, A. (2008) search Methods for Human-Computer Interaction Dix, A. Finlay, J. Abowd, G. Beale, R. (2004) Human-Computer Interaction Galitz, W. (2007) The essential guide to user interface design Lawson, J. Yull, S. Anderson, H. Knott, G. & Waites, N. (2005) BTEC National Study Guide IT PractitionersPreece, J. Ro gers, Y. Sharp, H. Benvon, D. Holland, S. Carey, T. (1994) Human Computer Interaction tech channelise (2008) Virtual Reality on-line http//searchcio-midmarket. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci213303,00. html Accessed 22/04/09 Tech Target (2006) GUI on-line. (http//searchwindevelopment. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid8_gci213989,00. html). Accessed 26/04/09 Think Quest Virtual Reality on-line. http//library. thinkquest. org/26890/virtualrealityt. htm Accessed 22/04/09

Burro Genius

Gerardo Rodriguez Cruz Ms. Guinon English 50 26 March 2013 Stereotypes Good or Bad What screwing vex throng to stereotype in the real world? According to lexiophiles. com All Mexicans take in chili. and Mexicans only eat burritos and fajitas. And according to Areli Some stereotypes are and some others do not apply at all Mexicans. In the United States there are so many ethnicities which all of them have a envisage which to have the American dream. This causes a melting pot which means everyone wants to be the same.By reading Burro Genius every one should be like a salad everyone has a different role. By being as one satisfying is like boring or dull which no one wants that. on that point is one memoir where stereotyping is everything it is Burro Genius by overlord Villasenor. This book is round superior living the life of a Mexican and how they struggle with stereotypes and racism. Stereotypes can cause people to fall for them and act out in acceptance, certify they ca n single out which can chair to blocking, lastly air pressure to fit in to comprehend.One socialization process is when others stereotypes a person and these influences cause them to believing it those assumptions. Howard and overlord are talking in the playground. When Howard said later on the fight My parents told me that Mexi-eee-cans always have knives. (68). Victor did not k at present what to do because he liked Howard a lot that did not want Howard to secure in trouble for getting around bad dirty people. Victor did not though that Mexicans would bring knives everywhere they went. The next day Victor brings not one but two knives to school. Teacher said OH, A KNIFEI TOLDEM I TOLDEM that this was going to transcend I was going to catch you little dirty spics with knives that day now I have. (72). The stereotype that Howard said cause this to happen. Because the stereotype got stuck in Victors head. It could have been worse for Victor and people around him if the instruc tor did not see the knives. Victor could have gone into killing snow-white people if he did not catch. Second discrimination can lead to resistance. Victor is in second grade when all of his race switch Pressures to fit in the dominant culture can lead an ethnicity to assimilate.

Treasury Report

TOPIC AN ASSESSMENT OF ex look intor MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS AND REMEDIES IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS BASED ON ITS REVENUE. BY squ both ONIFADE AYOMIDE OLUWATOBA MATRIC NO 09/SMS02/015 BEING A RESEARCH PROJECT idea THAT IS TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING FACULTY OF AFE BABALOLA UNIVERSITY ADO-EKITI, EKITI STATE, NIGERIA. IN PARTIAL completion OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BARCHELOR OF SCIENCE (B. SC) HONS IN ACCOUNTING. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER oneness 1. 1Background of the have CHAPTER TWO 2. 0Literature Review CHAPTER THREE 3. 0Research MethodologyCHAPTER FOUR 4. 0Data Presentation and abridgment CHAPTER FIVE 5. 0Summary 5. 1Conclusion. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 0 BACKGROUND OF THE education topical anesthetic anaesthetic establishment in any nation like Nigeria is an entity with which politics and its policies ar carried to the grass root. The establishment activity body of such an entity is selected or new(prenominal)wise topical anaestheticly sele cted. It constitutes an integral party of a country overall semipolitical structure. The creation of topical anaesthetic regime is made by the law of the distinguish giving medication with intention of bringing government to the people.It is clearly understand that charge if the machinery of the cite government stops franchising law and pose leave as yet prevail, if topical anaesthetic anaesthetic council in Nigeria continues to exist. According to Okoli (1998) local anaesthetic government exist to over control the gasp which the national government is to remote to fell, it bring the national government closer to the people and make its impact feet in all the nooks and cronies of the society. By implication the national government through thus medium caters for the grassroots. local anaesthetic government plays vital fictitious characters in the development of the country.It stinkpot to a fault be maintained that should local government machinery ground to a half, on that point is beach to be chosen and confusion. They are the overall of chest of drawers and it is through them that the formulation of all facilities and services aimed at giving the people richlyer hackneyed of living and maintenance of law and order can be made. because attempts get hold of been made at different stages of the country political heart to modify the local administrative system and to make them perform their role and function.But in spite of these efforts, the local government authorities continue to gift evidences of scant(p) performance. Thus had led to the federal official government affairs and ultimate entrenchment of the system in the countrys constitution. According to Gbenga (2001) local government can be defined as the wait on through which government and its policies are carried to the grassroots, and stressed that during the early stage of local government in Nigeria (Gowon) which lasted from 1967-1975 the different state operated differen t system of local government.In the northerly state, the emirs retained some of their powers and influence because the counselors appointed by the soldiery Governors where traditionally and spiritually expected to defer to the authority of the emirs. The Eastern state and in the Midwest states abandoned the councilor system adopted the French system of decantation. In the west state Governor who had initially posted sole establishment of local government areas where forced by the tax revolts of the late sixties to reintroduce local government participation.Mustapha (2003)local government also become accept pipe for cooting of national treasury for instance, elite cline of local government chairperson called the Association of local government of Nigeria (ALGON) reportedly mandate the maximum military leader to deduct local government storages for the purchase of dickens Toyota land-cruiser jeeps for all LGA chairman, while the other(a) belong to the police to facilitate sou nd policy and combat of armed robbery. Harriman (2006) local government is non creatures of state government, but one of the tiers of government of this country.Every effort should be made to pull up stakes local government councils to operate with prestige and not as beggar. Therefore, the proviso of funds and its disbursement in local government to perform its say roles. So, importance of sound and effectual care of the treasuring of a local government authority cannot be over stressed. Without effective treasuring focussing, the policies adopted by alocal authority in a great variety of field may not be successfully implemented comprehensive arrangement are and so in force in all states for exercise of internal and out-of-door control over the treasuring of local government authority.But very little and in some cases, virtually no regard has been paid to the need for effective, liberalist centering of treasuring of local government authority. The circumspection of tre asury in the local government should be taken as a tool for supreme the activities of local authority in the country. Without proper and effective management of fund of a local government, the overall affair of the local government will be properly managed, as there will be no constant payment of rung salary, maintenance of law and order, provision of infrastructural facilities and plague of capital project.The treasuring management is a type of control exercise by the management indoors an presidency. It is very important where the size of the organization is high and where the government of a state found it very difficult to have direct contact with the routine deed of the organization. 1. 1STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Large master misappropriation of fund in public offices has now becomes a crude practices in the society. And the local government is not exempted.Thus had led to performance in terms of services rendered to the people in spite of this modification there still e xist a poor performance which is evidence in the case of the local government. This ineffectively can be traced to some factors of which poor treasuring management is one. So in this study, we will consider what constitute on effective treasury management and also how inefficiency in the treasury can be avoided. 1. 2OBJECTIVES OF THE canvass This study was undertaken to provide a)an attempt to closely look at how assessment is the treasury management, roblem and remedies in local government council in relation to the performance of roles and functions of their areas of authority. b)The length of area to which the treasury management process can contribute to the success or otherwise of a local affairs. c)What roles needs to be played by both the top level and lower level management for treasury management process to attend in local government authority. d)The federal and state government involution towards the attachment of defectives treasury management in a local government aut hority. )An overview of treasury management operation in local authorities f)An analytic thinking of best practice and g)A basis for local governments to examine their own procedures to appraise their performances so that improvements can be introduced where necessary. In view of the importance of treasury management in a local government is enumerated above, it is necessary also to look up into the treasury management procedure and practice employed by modern local government authority in order to accomplish their goals.Accordingly, this study will make an appraisal of the treasury management policy and practices employed by Ado local government refer with a view of determining A. To what extent has the proper treasury management helped the local government in performing the specific function of the local government? B. What procedure and techniques are employ by the local government in monitoring the effective treasury management? C. What principles difficulties are been appr oach by both management and lower level staff in treasury management planning and implementing?D. What condition is necessary in a board government to ensure effective treasury management? E. What (if any) are the probable causes of deviation in the planned and actual operation of treasury management and how they are redressed? F. What roles are being played by the treasurer of a local government in treasury management? 1. 3SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study focuses on treasury management system as a means of promoting proper accountability within an organization with a finical reference to Ado local government.This study will perform tally and review the internal control system and the internal check that already exist in the organization. There will be careful study of the operation of the following division. ?Finance/Treasury character ?Audit Division ?Budget and Planning Division ?Chairman / Sole Administrator 1. 4SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The outcome of this research work will be useful to the organization under reference because if the recommendation were adopted loopholes and other weakness in the existing internal control system would be exposed.This will advocate the management to strengthen or if necessary build a unused comprehensive treasury management which would promote proper accountability within an organization. The research work will also serve as a valuable document for students, business executives, middle management staff and other people who wish to consolidate their knowledge on treasury management. The return will also be essential to all government officers who are presently witnessing large scale of misapplication of fund and poor accountability. 1. 5DISTINGUISH in the midst of HYPOTHESIS RESEARCH QUESTION The following are working hypothesis, which would be tested.Null and alternative hypothesis which are usually denoted by Ho and Hi, Ho a)That well qualified personnel are employed as score staff and should be well motivated in te rm of salaries and other fringe benefit. b)That proper internal control of the treasury management would improves staff warmth, skill and knowledge. c)That an effective treasury management is capable of executing materials frauds and computer error and also promotes proper accountability in an organization. d)That effective treasury management will enable the local government affairs its objective and standard. )The effective treasury management promotes effectives management funds. f)That management ensures reliability accounting tuition and document. In this study, the following questions were asked with a view of finding solution to the operation of the treasury management process. a)How important is treasury as a unit of operation in the performance of local government function and roles. b)What roles essential treasurer play in the attachment of standard treasury management in the local government? c)What are the contribution of the state and the federal government toward a ttachment of treasury management standard in all the local government? )What are the causes of proper treasury management loser? e)What are the causes of derivation in planned and actual operation. 1. 6DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. fiscal officer he is the head of the treasury department, he manages and control the finance of the local authority. He keeps record of all money received or spent. 2. attendant he sees to the check and balance of all financial transaction of the local government. 3. Vote Book it is use in recording all using up and liabilities incurred by the vote controller entrusted with the management of fund of the department. . Petty specie Book this is an imprest book, which is kept to meet expenditure of items whose payment voucher cannot be presented immediately. 5. Capital pay office responsible for physical gold and cheque payment of wages and salaries, pension and contract. 6. Receiving Cashier responsible of collection of cash from outsiders who make payment o n fines, licenses etc and also revenue granted by revenue collector. 7. Financial Account Unit involved in planning of final account as well as other financial statement of local government.