Art Essay

* Art is a term that describes a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities, but here refers to the visual arts, which cover the creation of images or objects in fields including paintings, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media. They are two paintings that have been drawn by Dmitry Levitzky in 1773 and by Millais in 1871. The first portrait by Dmitry levitzky is called Nelidova, Ekaterina Ivanovna who she is the daughter of Lieutenant Ivan Dmitrievich Nelidov. She was raised in the Smolny Institute for Young Ladies and was noticed there by Empress Catherine II, who made her a maid of honor to the Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna, later Empress, whose husband Emperor Pavel I. She was sincerely attached to him, although their relations were never intimate. She was able to influence Pavel I, preventing some of his unwise decisions and tantrums. She was also a close friend of the Empress Maria Feodorovna. The second portrait by John Everett Millais is called The Martyr of Solway the â€Å"Margaret† depicted by Millais was Margaret Wilson, who was born in 1667 in Glenvernoch in Wigtownshire. She was a young and devout Presbyterian who was a member of the Covenanters, a Scottish Presbyterian movement of the 17th century in Scotland who signed the National Covenant in 1638 to confirm their opposition to the interference by the Stuart kings in the affairs of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. The Stuart kings embraced the belief of the Divine Right of the Monarch. However, not only did they believe that God wished them to be the infallible rulers of their kingdom – they also believed that they were the spiritual heads of the Church of Scotland. This latter belief was anathema to the Scots. Their belief was quite simple – no man, not even a king, could be spiritual head of their church. The following piece will demonstrate the differences and similarities between the two images in a compare and a contrast manner. Analyze the fundamental differences. Point out the major mutual points.

Erikson’s Theory In Today’s Culture: A Reflection

A person’s personality directly affects how he conducts himself and ultimately, how he will live his life. In more ways than one, then, personality helps direct a person towards success. Having said this, it is no wonder that the development of a person’s personality has long been the subject of psychological research. Of the many theories in personality and child development, Erik Erikson’s is one of those that have stood the test of time. Perhaps this is largely due to the fact that unlike most theories, his covers the whole life cycle of man. It also helped that amongst the rather purist concepts – of the nature vs. urture phenomenon – his recognizes both the effect of internal development (of the body and the mind) and the influence of the outside world to a person’s personality. However adaptive Erikson’s psychosocial stages are, though, it is still important to reexamine it alongside our culture today, in order to gauge how effective and accurate it still is. On a general viewpoint, the main tenet of Erikson’s philosophy – that there are specific traits developed (or lost) in a particular stage in a person’s life – still holds even when analyzed alongside our ever-developing culture. This means that on most counts, contemporary culture has strengthened Erikson’s theory – not negate or redefine it. For example, that the viewpoint of a person with regard to how trustworthy the world is shaped during the early years is still true (whether that occurs exclusively during infancy is up to now subject to verification): recent studies of incidents of suicide show its relation to the formation during the early years of the basic belief I have earlier mentioned. Likewise, it is still true that a sense of autonomy is developed during the toddler years – when we learn to walk on our own, and feed and bathe ourselves. The continuous development of our educational system supports the two subsequent stages – play age and school age – in Erikson’s theory: indeed, it is during the time we start going to school and widening our circle that we develop initiative and the value of industry. As for the next stage, adolescence, it still is the case that during these years – in our struggle for independence from parents; in our attempt to develop romantic relationships and strengthen our ties with friends; in our quest to find the answer to the question â€Å"Who am I? † – we develop a deeper sense of our identity. I mentioned that on most counts, Erikson’s theory holds. There are several points in his work, however, that are redefined by a change in our culture. One of the most glaring changes would be in his stage of young adulthood. While it is true that during this time we seek love and a deeper relationship, more and more of the American youth opt to stay single until their thirties. Whereas before starting a family occurs at this stage, now having kids occurs more in Erikson’s next stage – middle adulthood. In my opinion, the high incidence of divorce nowadays, and the lure of leading a life devoid of the immense responsibility married life entails, instills in us the belief that having a family takes careful planning and thus, takes time. Upon examining Erikson’s theory, it is prevalent that he sees his stages as having a linear path; that is, the stages – and the development of the traits he singled out for each stage – occur one after the other, with each one having a direct effect on the stage it precedes. In simpler terms, then, if a person failed to develop trust in infancy, he will have a hard time cultivating autonomy in the next stage, if he even ever does. Such a pessimistic way of putting things, I believe, is doomed to criticism and negation in itself. How many times have we heard of success stories, of people who rose above a troubled childhood to find love and success in their adult lives? Erikson, it seems, failed to take into account the strength of the human spirit to rise above any predicament. If there is one characteristic of our culture and our world today that may hinder us from successfully navigating through Erikson’s psychosocial stages, it is their being fast-paced. In an environment where success is predominantly measured by what you own, we are driven to lead lives that place personal relationships in the back seat. Given this fact, it is possible that more and more of us will fail to resolve a crisis or two in the â€Å"right time†, as outlined in Erikson’s work. I believe, however, that despite this fact, in the end we will still tackle the issues inherent in our struggle to form our identity, and we will still be able to resolve them all.

Eating Healthily with a Busy Lifestyle Essay

1.0 Introduction Life is work and work is life. People who commit themselves to that particular social economic lifestyle will endure the process of getting busy almost every moment in their daily lives. Their timings to do laundry and keeping themselves and the house clean had decreased as well as their most important timings of all: food intake and meal times planning. Everyday we meet people and surely we would not want to be around any cranky and irritable people who have not taken the time to have a good meal let alone the persons are us. Veloso, M. wrote in her article â€Å"Eating healthy in a busy world† that by not eating appropriately, not only makes us feel tired, but it can cause some serious relationship issues when it comes to our mood. Therefore, our further meetings, appointments and decision making can be affected as well. She added that life will always be busy but if we do not eat on a schedule, our body will not have enough energy to keep up with our active yet busy life. Life can be busy but let it not be chaotic and distressful. She believed it is real that â€Å"if we eat more regularly and eat a more balanced diet, sugar levels stay more even which enhances our mood†. From what she said, we can conclude that no matter how busy we are, a balanced diet is a must in order to run our life a success at the end of the day. This is because, bad or no food at all will only ruin our mood and our daily activities as well. Hence, over the next chapters, this article will discuss about why, how and what kind of food intake benefit us as well as the suggested menus for those who have busy lifestyles. 2.0 Why is it important? Malaysian culture is the culture that often revolves around food. There are lots of variety of food that are simply available almost anywhere. The questions of being nutritional come second in our community as our food often famous with deep and stir fry dishes. Some people will think that if they consume green vegetables as a side dish once a week, they are actually taking a healthy diet and their body already has the nutrition to stay healthy for all week long. According to Sarah DeWitt from eHow.com, â€Å"a healthy diet is a diet loaded with a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, along with lean meats and other protein sources. A healthy diet is a lifestyle. We need a healthy diet to maintain good health and prevent diseases such as cancer and diabetes†. She disclosed that healthy diet may decrease the chances of such critical diseases. According to Sue Roberts (2011) in the article entitled ‘Do We Have to Eat Healthy Foods?’, Centers for Disease Control stated that â€Å"310. 000 to 580, 000 deaths per year can be attributed to poor food choices and physical inactivity. Obesity, stroke, heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and osteoporosis are example of chronic diseases which are related to improper nutrition†. Hence, we need to maintain the health of our bodies since we ought to live happily and meaningfully. This is because, keeping our body healthy also will prevent us from stress and other stress related diseases which may obstruct our daily lives especially our busy job schedules and workloads. Even as little as dizziness and headache would cost us a fortune if our body could not keep up with what we pressured ourselves into and this is the result of us lacking in maintaining balance between nutrition and food taste into our body. Even though we are as busy as bees, we still cannot skip the responsibility of taking care of our body. It is enough if we can include beneficial nutrients in our daily intake in every consecutive meal especially breakfast, lunch and dinner. These three meal time are believed to be vital to most of our respondents. They shared an interesting idea about those meal time and how important ones to eat at certain times according to lifestyle as long as it continuum and not skipping any meal. Perhaps some of them had already suffered from stomach problem which often caused by skipping meals and not enough food to ingest and they learnt from mistakes. Therefore, it is important to not to skip any meal even though we are very busy as the action may cause not only troubles but also some great fortune for not working in 100 percent full self-potential and determination. Hence, over the next chapter, we will discuss about how and what shall be taken to maintain a great balance thus resulting in healthy body and gaining power with great inner strength to stay focus and be happy for work and daily lives. 3.0 How to eat healthily in a busy lifestyle Marlene Veloso writes in her article that people can avoid going to vending machine for junk food and suffer from fatigue by 3 simple tips. First is by â€Å"eating smaller meals more often. This allows your body to have a constant source of fuel and energy to keep your sugar levels even†. Second is to â€Å"avoid sugars and soft drinks that not only make your sugar level increase quickly and at extremely high levels, but they also contain a lot of useless calories and bad sugars that are bad for your overall health.† Lastly, you should â€Å"eat a lot of highly soluble fibre and proteins that can make you feel more lively and energetic†. From these vital points, we can assume that meal times and food intake are crucial for us in order to maintain steadiness in our everyday lives. According to our small scale research, only 1 from 9 respondents who did not care about the meal time as long as he can eat when he is hungry. He also believed that no food can release any stress. However, according to Dorie Ensenstein in the article â€Å"10 Superfoods for Stress Relief† wrote that milk is one of the food that can help to level the stress and often taken during breakfast as a good start for the day. This is because â€Å"milk is high in antioxidants and vitamins B2 and B12, as well as protein and calcium. Have a bowl of whole-grain cereal and low-fat milk in the morning to start your day with a stress-fighting breakfast.† According to the article, there are some more stress relief foods such as Asparagus, Beef, Cottage Cheese and Fruits, Almonds, Blueberries, Tuna and Cornflakes or Crispy Rice Cereal. She also stated the recommended serving size and time. For example, Almonds can be eaten as finger food while Cornflakes or Crispy Rice Cereal is suitable to be taken during breakfast together with milk. The real deal is to be disciplined and to plan how to have healthy yet easy meals. If we want to avoid the stress, we should plan ahead of time and prepare them because making healthy meals requires planning. We should keep our kitchen stocked with labeled food items that ensures us to use minimal time and effort to cook and prepare our food. This is because, according to an article that was reviewed by Fristky(2011), the North Carolina State University’s department of family and consumer sciences stated that â€Å"the diets of busy families are negatively affected by a lack of planning and organization as much as they are affected by lack of nutrition knowledge.† Hence, before we brush up on our nutrition facts, we should plan ahead and get ourselves organized. This article highlighted how important the planning and being organized are. Therefore, no matter how busy we are, we need to find time to plan our meals. By shopping during off-peak hours and buying enough food to last for several weeks, we would save a lot of valuable time lining in the store and instead, we could use it to prepare healthful meals at home. Hence, we can prepare the ingredients the night before or during the weekends and packed into the freezer in adequate serving size. Moreover, we can also pack our lunch everyday. It is beneficial because we knew where our ingredients came from either it is healthy or otherwise. From our research also, we can conclude that meal time is considered essential in everyday lives. 7 from 9 respondents stated that they needed a rather strict meal time such as breakfast, lunch and dinner. Some even adjusted the time and combined breakfast and lunch into brunch which commonly taken at 10 a.m. to 12 at noon. Reena, one of the respondents claimed that she did not take dinner but would take light supper at night since she was breastfeeding her baby boy. This showed that meal time is adjustable as long as we do not live on empty stomach. Our diet should fit the need of our body and our healthy lifestyle. According to two of our respondents, they claimed that they needed to have finger food or energy bar to avoid them eating junkfood or when they need extra energy. The finger food can be very healthy ones such as quick fix fruits and nuts such as grapes, cherry tomatoes and baby-carrots according to the article entitled â€Å"Are you too busy to eat healthy?† and was reviewed by Marie (2011). It also wrote that we can buy pre-cut and washed vegetables and purchase bags of ready-to-eat salad greens and spinach. Almonds can also be our finger food as it has many good mineral for our body. These healthy snacks should be bagged and ready to go so that we can just grab the snacks on the way to work which is an example of simple and easy yet nutritional food choice no matter how busy we are. In the nutshell, we can say that meal time and ingredients taken will affect our body thus our everyday behavior which will include accumulated stress over the time. Livestrong.com in an article â€Å"Healthy eating menus when busy† stated that we should start our busy day with a healthy breakfast as it will influence the rest of the meals. 4.0 Menus for busy yet healthy people. Eating is a must routine for everybody in this whole wide world. It is necessary to support good health. However, in busy schedule, people often choose food that is convenient to them rather what is really necessary for healthier living. With this mentality at hand, people will never eat good food thus resulting in many critical diseases such as heart attack, diarrhea and allergies. Storing bad food inside our stomach is not a good move. According to an article reviewed by Covington (2010), â€Å"If we are low at time, we should learn how to make fast, easy and healthy meals.† Therefore, we are going to share a few tips in creating good menus for busy but yet healthy people. First of all, good breakfast. This article tells us that we should eat something that â€Å"is easy to prepare for breakfast†. It continues to stress that skipping breakfast can keep our metabolism slow and cause us to become ravenous later in the day. It is suggested to grab pre-made, hard-boiled eggs and half a whole-grain bread and munch them on the way to work. Busy people should also drink some meal replacement shakes that usually contain a balance of protein, carbohydrates and fat as well as vitamin and minerals. Blend together the mix with recommended amount of low-fat milk or ice-cold water. We can drink this shakes when we are on the road and do not access to healthy food for several hours. We can also make fruit smoothie which is very quick to prepare and offers plenty of nutrition in the morning. In the article â€Å"Healthy breakfast on the go ideas†, it suggested that we blend fruit, low fat yogurt and a spoonful of wheat germ until desired consistency is reached. We can use many kinds of fruits such as berries, bananas, mangoes, kiwi, mangoes or apple. Fruits are rich with vitamins and mineral as well as the taste. In relevance to the use of fruits, Ary, one of our respondent said that he would take apple if he wants to feel healthier. In order to maintain good health a person needs five to eight servings of fruits and vegetables daily. It is also important to consume different types of fruits and vegetables rather than eating the same types of veggies all the time. If we have a hard time eating our vegetables we can also make a green smoothie or even put our vegetables in a juicer. Just be sure to add the pulp back into another recipe to get our fiber back. Protein is an essential part of a healthy diet. The skin, hair and nails are mainly composed of proteins. Protein can be found in chicken, fish, beef and eggs. Vegetarians can also get the right balance of protein from nuts, beans, soy and even spirulina. Spirulina is a sea vegetable that is loaded with nutrients and it is one of the most easily digestible proteins known to man. According to our research respondents, many said that they are taking supplements such as Spirulina, black seeds (Habbatussauda’) with honey, Vitamin C, Calcium pills, Evening Primrose Oil, and B-Complex pills. By taking these pills almost everyday, they somehow fit the need of their body to the nutrients that are deemed necessary and to stay healthy. According to Schwarcz and Berkoff (2004), fatty acids are very good for our health. The brain and heart thrive on omega 3 fatty acids. These healthy fats reduce inflammation within the body and reduce the incidence of disease. Omega fats are found in salmon oil, cod liver oil, nuts, seeds and eggs. We can also buy cod liver oil in supplement form and take it daily. A healthy diet is not just about what foods we eat. It is also very important to include plenty of purified water in our diet. The human body is over 70 percent water and water is needed for almost every bodily function. Water transports nutrients, and bathes our cells from the inside out. Water helps to flush out waste and toxins and water helps to keep the skin and brain healthy. Most people need eight to 10 glasses of pure water each day, but if we exercise or work in the sun we may need more. Listen to our body and drink more water if needed. In the article â€Å"eat busy schedule† which was reviewed by Bye (2010) stated that we can also eat healthily in fast-food chains by ordering the right kind of foods. We should select grilled or baked meats, salad with low-calorie dressing, whole grain rolls and bread and broth-based soup. As for Malay restaurant diners, we should avoid taking too much rice but resort to green vegetables soup with shredded egg-whites and less sautà © dishes. We should also avoid deep-fried foods and high-calorie sauces such as coconut milk based gravy and creamy sauce. 5.0 Conclusion As a conclusion, eating healthily is important to us whether we are busy or not. There is no excuse for us not to take care of ourselves. We are responsible to our body growth and function. Choosing what to eat and plan the meal are the ways to keep ourselves organized and healthy. When we are healthy, we will execute our daily routines and workload in a much better way and stress-free circumstances. Hence, we should find the time to plan, choose, prepare and eat our meals in consistent meal times daily so that we can eat healthily even with our busy lifestyle.

Implications Of Global Warming For Tourism In Canada Research Paper

Implications Of Global Warming For Tourism In Canada - Research Paper Example The industry has now become of the major income earner and source of employment in these countries. According to Edgell (1993), tourism stimulates the growth of basic infrastructure, enhances the growth of domestic industries and transfer of information and technology, and attracts foreign investment. One of the countries that have benefitted a lot from tourism is Canada. Canada is the second largest country globally and one of the prosperous nations on the planet earth. It is a member of the Group of Eight (G8) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Its economy is rated as the 9th largest economy globally (CNN News). The key industries in the economy of Canada are manufacturing, service sector, energy and agriculture. Apart from these, tourism also plays a big role in the economy of Canada. In Canada, tourism accounts for about 2% of its overall gross domestic product (GDP), with a GDP value that equals to that of forestry, hunting, agriculture and fi shing combined. In 2007, tourism contributions to Canada reached $28.6 billion, a 5.9% increase turnover from 2006. During the same year, 2007, it generated a total of $21.2 billion in government revenues and over 653,400 jobs for the citizens. In 2008, these increased to $74 billion in revenues and over 66, 000 jobs (Canadian Tourism Commission, 2008). ... Generally, the nation’s tourist attractions include glacial features, parks, waterfalls, historic sites, culture, mountains, ski resorts, museums, art galleries, and hiking and camping destinations. There are also a lot of rivers and lakes for outdoor recreation, boating, fishing and hunting, Crescent Street located in Montreal and suspension bridge located above the Capilano River, and Valley of the Ten Peaks and the Moraine Lake located in Alberta province. The country is bordered by Atlantic Ocean to the east, Pacific Ocean to the west and Arctic Ocean to the north and therefore beaches and other coastal features form an important tourist attraction feature especially during the summers. The above discussion and explanations are a proof that tourism is an important part in the sustenance of the economy of Canada. This means that anything threatening the sustainability of this sector directly threatens the Canadian economy. One of the things that is currently threatening the sustenance of this sector is global warming. This phenomenon has brought about some environmental changes that have significant implications for Tourism in Canada. In order to understand this deeply, it is important to have an overview of what global warming is. Global warming In simple terms, global warming can be defined as the rise in the average global temperatures. This increase in temperature is felt both in the earth’s atmosphere and the oceans/seas. According to Solomon et al (2008), the occurrence of global warming is influenced by different factors that are collectively known as external forcing. These are processes that are external to the earth’s climate system and the earth’s climate

Technologies and Predictions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Technologies and Predictions - Essay Example This has actually created a heated debate amongst technicians and experts regarding the future of technologies. The prime objective of this essay is to explore and analyze the future predictions and developments in the technology. However, this essay has narrowed its focus on three particular technologies of television, robotics, and electric cars. Starting with a brief introduction of each technology, the essay will present the predictions; explain the basis of these predictions followed by the impacts of these technological developments. According to Britannica encyclopedia, â€Å"television is an electronic system for transmitting still or moving images and sound to receivers that project a view of the images on a picture tube or screen and recreate the sound† (Jensen & Toscan, pp. 41-49, 1999). Without any doubts, most of the 20th century was the century of television because the impact it created was beyond the thoughts and expectations of anyone. The first televisions used the cathode ray tube technology, received analog signals, and were monochrome. However, it was during the mid 1900’s when color television came into the market. Likewise, since the 1990’s it have been the high definition televisions (HDTV), flat panel display systems and 3D television systems, which have ruled the scene. There is a lot of buzz in the market regarding the new technological development in this field called as organic light emitting diode (OLED) which is ready and about to land in the markets. The next few years, this technology would probably rule the market. Made from organic polymers and having a thin conductor in between. Moreover, they do not need backlights to form the image, which means that their size is the thinnest in the market and so flexible that one can even roll it like a T-shirt. Another development that the market is long

Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Critique - Essay Example A well structured communication should use ethos, logos and pathos efficiently. Whereas many people use logos, ethos and pathos in their communication, they fail to make it clear to the audience where the idea comes from, what it brings, and what it means for the future. Just like Steve Jobs, a great talk need to show a contrasting comparison between the problem and proposed solution. Traditionally, talks and essays have been structured in terms of introduction, body, and conclusion. However, it seems that great communicators do not end up with a conclusion summing up the entire talk but rather end with a climax. Arguably, ending up with a climax in a talk makes the speech memorable for a long time. What comes out strikingly from great speakers is the additional ability to use visual aids and body language to put more vigor to their talk. Great motivational speakers are an inspiration for young people especially students who are looking forward to change the world. Indeed, having a life changing idea is only half of the equation, effectively communicating the idea is the other

Strategy and Positioning Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategy and Positioning Paper - Essay Example The all-new Samsung Galaxy Edge is a very interesting product that will allows users to enjoy quick accessibility to their favorite applications and icons. It is a mobile phone with the latest technology of curved screen that has not yet been used by the company’s biggest competitor i.e. Apple Inc. The users of this new model of Samsung will be able to watch videos and other media on their screens and at the same time received notifications on their curved screens without any interruptions. The phone is android based and will come with the latest version of the operating system. It is powered by high-speed processor and has all features those other models of Samsung offer. It is also compatible with Samsung Gear (Samsung, 2014). The geographic reach of Samsung remains huge in terms of sales. The Samsung Galaxy Edge has been designed with the efficiency that allows everyone to use regardless of the region where it is marketed. The software demand of the gadget is global. It is due to this reason that the approach to sell the product will be diversified in terms of region. It should be noted that two-third of the US population remains male. Therefore, the product can easily be marketed to cater that segment by persuading goals concerning practical usage of the device for men. In addition, it can be said that the average buyer of Samsung products remains youth. IT is for this reason that this product will be marketed to the people within the age bracket of 25 to 35. The Samsung Galaxy Edge can easily be marketed to a diversified consumer range because it caters the needs of almost all consumers. Be it, older population or young users, Galaxy Edge will provide a way to detach from everything else and use the device to experience mobile media like never before. The demand of lifestyle is the major onset for Galaxy Edge in the market. The Samsung Galaxy Edge can be marketed

Relation between Entrepreneur and New Venture Essay

Relation between Entrepreneur and New Venture - Essay Example The researcher states that there is no agreed definition of the entrepreneur, but entrepreneurship is related to new business ventures. An entrepreneur is an individual who establishes new business ventures for profit-making purposes. In the entrepreneurship sphere, a creation of a new venture is a separate and distinct phenomenon, which includes business formation, acquisition and mergers, and advancing the business. The creation of a new venture is a complex, crucial, and multidimensional process that involves interaction between an individual and his socio-economic environment. The process is critical because it designs the future ventures building blocks; principally, it comprises the activities, ideas, actions, and techniques displayed by entrepreneurs towards materializing their visions and concepts into an operating business. This clearly shows that in order for an entrepreneur to be successful, he or she must possess a high level of mental hardness to assist him or she persev ere and make operational strategic decisions. The stages of creating a new venture occur in the mind of entrepreneurs through interaction with the society and on the computer while the real venture activities have not been started. The major viewpoints introduced in the process of creating a new venture include the following: 1) recognition of a type of prospects; notions to be executed as future business. 2) Vision; different activities and strategies that are normally applied in the initial stages of the new venture. 3) Groundwork is an important factor that enables materialization of the concept into the real business. 4) The intention of financing the future ventures 5) The sense of planning and ensuing impacts on the entrepreneur and the venture 6) Quality of the entrepreneurial profile of persons showing a new business formation process 7) Environment, which is a major contributor to the process.

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS - Essay Example The report highlights significant limitations in the communication system of Hotel Griffith. It also identifies the approaches that could be instrumental in preventing conflicts in the organization. The recommendations that Griffith Hotel could use to solve the issues are also available. These recommendations include the introduction of new recruitment processes. This is because the current process has several limitations that derail the growth of the entire hotel businesses. For example, the current processes reduce the motivation levels among the personnel. Additional recommendations include punishing employees who are disrespectful while working. Table of Contents Contents Contents 3 Literature Review 6 Transcript of the conversation between Samantha and the Guest 8 References 10 Case Study Analysis Introduction Modern business need to create efficient communication systems. This is because such systems reduce conflicts within the respective organization. The foremost intention of this report is to underscore the negative aspects of poor communication systems in organizations, for example, the hotel industry. The final part of the report highlights recommendations that need to be adapted. Consequently, the report identifies problems that hotel under study faces. Other key issues are also evident in the report making it follow the traditional report structure. The report offers a comprehensive literature review on significant theories of interpersonal communication. Finally, the report presents a transcript of a conversation between an employee of the hotel and an Indian guest. Identification of problems and key issues This case study of Griffith Hotel presents several problems related to communication. The management of Griffith Hotel is conservative especially in the operational processes. This negatively influences its entire operations. For example, the social exchange theory suggests that the relation that people’s relations are based on their res pective personal interests. The personnel within the company have personal interests that derail the communication process. For example, Simon, the Front Office Manager (FOM) believes that his views are appropriate. This is probably because of his maturity level and familiarity in the hotel industry (Hogan, 2008). Key issues within Griffith Hotel Case include the lack of an efficient coordination system in the hotel. Simon, the manger does not care to designate shifts among employees who can support each other. This creates continuous incidences of disagreement among the employees because they fail to understand one another. Additional issues related to the social exchange theory include the frequent disagreements between the management and the employees. This is because Simon fails to work with his subordinates appropriately. Instead, he orders them as if they were disobedient schoolchildren. Most of his employees complain that during their respective inductions, they are treated a s though they were naughty schoolchildren. Simon employs ineffective communication strategies with his subordinates (Kusluvan, 2003). The hotel lacks efficient human resources that would enable Griffith Hotel realize high profit levels. The current employees are ineffective. For example, Michelle, Ronny and Bruno have the relevant experience to offer exemplary services. They fail to deliver because of laxity while working at the hotel. These employees do not seem to have the desired professionalism in this industry. This

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 48

History - Essay Example During this time, there were all sort of corrections that were made concerning to ensure that it is made to fit the motion of the planets to Ptolemy’s ideas. According to the Copernicus, he proposed an alternative theory that showed that the Earth was a planet moving around the sun and all planets were said to move in circular motion in form of a circle, one side to the other, he also made observations that Mercury and the Earth are close to the sun since they were smaller than the earth(Kidner, Bacur and Mathisen 502).Therefore out of discoveries that were made concerning the distance between earth and sun, it made ease estimations of distance of Mars, Jupiter and Saturn toward sun thus creating idea in mind that they had bigger circles than earth and seemed to move backward since they were said to move more slowly(Kidner, Bacur and Mathisen 502). In 16th century, Galileo an Italian mathematician and philosopher made the first observation, that is, he observed the planets through a telescope he built in 1609 and what he saw convinced him that Copernicus observations and discoveries toward the planets and dun was right. Galileo through hi aggressive defense over the Copernican theory was defended by the Catholic Church and therefore this cost him his freedom. Here are the discoveries that were made by the Galileo, he observed the moon and came to discover that it is like a world with mountains and â€Å"seas†(Kidner, Bacur and Mathisen 505). And later he observed the sun which was a risking act due to blindness since the sun should never be looked at through a telescope and he saw the sunspots. After making this discoveries, later he turned to the planet Jupiter, during this time he saw four moons orbiting around the Jupiter. Out of this discovery, he saw that the four moons are in the same plane, and close to their ecliptic and also seemed to be collinear(Kidner, Bacur

The Internet and the Music Industry Essay Example for Free

The Internet and the Music Industry Essay The internet and the music industry are in a lot of conflict with each other due to the associated copyright and piracy issues.   Recorded music created by several artists can be accessed over the internet free of cost.   This has simply resulted in several changes as to the ways in which music is created and delivered.   The public has great access to the internet and is also a very convenient mean to help disseminate music.   However, copyright laws are an instrument which needs to be utilized more effectively to transmit music.    The main objective of copyright is to reward the creator for his/her work and make the work more accessible to customers, rather than to act as a hindrance to effective distribution of music.   However, with respect to copyright and the distribution of music over the internet, there are two issues or concerns:- There are issues regarding the cost of transactions and payment over the internet.   A single piece of work would involve two separate works which are individually copyright-protected.   This includes the musical work and the second includes the sound recording.   The musical work includes the musical notes and the words.   A sound recording on the other hand is the fixation of sound and could be a performance of a musical work.   When the recorded musical performance is transmitted over the internet, both the musical work and the sound recording are transmitted.   According to copyright laws, various rights and limitations are present with relation to musical work and sound recording.   This makes copyright issues application very difficult with relation to the internet. There may be several copyright exemptions and compulsory licenses given by the government for musical works.   This is to encourage dissemination of music.   However, using the internet to download music would mean that frequently the owners of the musical performance (including the musical work and the sound recording) are usually not contacted.   This makes the process of providing licenses and exemptions by the government as completely null and void.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The owner of the musical work and the sound recording would have certain rights to reproduction and public performance.   The owner of the musical work can:- Make copies or reproductions of the musical work Make licenses available to other parties Can give permission to public performance The owner of the sound recording can:- Make copies or reproductions of the sound recording Cannot provide compulsory licenses to other parties Limited right to public performance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many people feel that copyrights are becoming more and more unenforceable due to the internet.   The internet has made imposing intellectual property rights very difficult indeed.   However, some other people feel that the law is unable to meet the demands of technology currently, and within a short period of time it would be able to control the flow of music over the internet.   The Napster case is a classical example of how technology can overcome copyright justification.   However, sooner or later there would be return addressed in some way.   In the Napster case, the service provider Napster had a web service that permitted music to be swapped.   People were able to connect to each other and share and distribute music.   Several music artists began to sue Napster for alleging infringing their copyrights by distributing their music illegally. However, Napster said that it was not storing the music files in its servers, but rather the music lovers were doing so.   Napster was merely acting as a connecting media between the peers, and was only encouraging peer-to-peer exchanges, rather than making an attempt to infringe the copyright of the artists.   Napster said that if it had a centralized structure and stored the music on a central server, it would be infringing upon the rights of the artists by encouraging illegal distribution of music.   The beginning of the digital age meant that copyrights began to be overlooked, disrespected and often abused. One of the landmark cases in this regard was the Sony Corporation case, which ensured that copying could be performed.   In this case, Sony Corporation developed the video cassette recorder and marketed its product.   Several parties who felt that Sony’s VCR would be infringing upon their copyright filed laws suits against the company alleging contributory infringement of their copyrights (Sony helped the people to enable copying of copyright protected videos).   However, Sony gave the justification that the VCR use was mainly for time shifting rather than infringing on the Copyrights of the artists.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today there is very poor ethics and morals regarding the need to protect the copyrights of the true owners.   Greater amount of public awareness and educational processes need to be conducted to ensure that people are aware of the need to protect copyrights.   Internet service providers are not merely peer-to-peer distributers, but are acting as strong contributory infringers of copyrights.   The legal processes should be made more stringent to ensure that internet service providers do not develop the justifications to enable illegal and mass transfer of music over the internet.   Other people feel that technology could itself be utilized as a protective mechanism to help prevent privacy and illegal transmission of music over the internet. One of these mechanisms has been encryption, which effectively helps to encode and decode music whilst transferring it over the internet.   Hackers may not only be attacking websites and servers but also clients who store music on their systems.   Another technological device to help protect copyrights has been the Digital Rights management system (DRMS).   This system helps to permit only limit copying and any excessive copying would be prevented.    The user would also have to use a key in the form of a password to gain access to the system.   With time, more and more advanced systems are coming up which could help prevent excessive copying of music over the internet.   Other system that could help prevent piracy includes watermarking, permitting music listening on a pay basis, greater use of advertisements, etc.   THE WIPO to a certain extent has prevented excessive copying by developing a strong international policy and also ensuring proper enforcement of copyright laws in member nations.   Besides, music should be made more attractive to shop online.   The music artists should ensure stronger sale of adverstisements and shopping of music online. References: Reesem, R. (2001). Copyright and Internet Music Transmissions: Existing Law, Major Controversies, Possible Solutions, University of Miami Law Review, 55, 273. http://www.utexas.edu/law/faculty/treese/Miami_Fi.pdf Reesem, R. (2001). Copyright and Internet Music Transmissions: Existing Law, Major Controversies, Possible Solutions, University of Miami Law Review, 55, 273. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=276333 Long, M. (2000). FIGHTING THE GOOD FIGHT: Enforcing Copyright rules on the Web, Interative Week, 7(34),

Newspaper Columnist Essay Example for Free

Newspaper Columnist Essay I am quite interested in becoming a Newspaper Columnist because they are allowed to share their opinion on a specific topic or a general idea. They have the liberty to say what is on their mind and they are allowed to express their thoughts on relevant matters. Writing is my passion and it seems like the perfect job for me to become a Newspaper Columnist. Also, they have a lot of time on their hands, and unlike other Journalists, Newspaper Columnists usually do not have to go on the field. They also have a huge following, especially when they are experts on certain topics, because they get their articles published weekly, if not daily. I stumbled upon a blog of a Newspaper Columnist from the Philippines. His name is Zhaun Ortega, a graduate from another private Jesuit, Roman Catholic School; and he writes for Edge Davao Business Weekly. It is a Business-themed paper, but he writes a column about the local party scene and different youth trends. Interviewee: Zhaun Claude R. Ortega, Newspaper Columnist, Edge Davao Business Paper 1. What are the qualifications for your position (education / previous experience)? To become a Newspaper Columnist, you must have to be an expert on something. I write about the local party scene and give tips on how to throw a party. I have been partying since my High School days (because that is legal in the Philippines), so even if I am still 22, people consider me an expert on the topic. However, most papers would require you to have a College Degree, or to be in College, depending on what type of column you are writing. 2. What do you enjoy most about your job? I enjoy all the perks that come with it. I can party for free, I have free dinners, and I get to know a lot of important people during events. And because I get to know a lot of people, I get more job opportunities, like hosting gigs. Recently a radio station approached me to become a host for an on-air show which revolved around partying; my show has been on for over a month and it has increased my value as a writer and as part of the Communications industry. More importantly, I get to share my ideas to the whole community. 3. What is the greatest challenge related to your job? It is quite challenging to have to write about the same topic every week of your life. Sometimes, you run out of ideas. And the only way for you to gather more ideas is to go to where the action is at. So if you are a fashion columnist, go to fashion shows. If you are a music columnist, go to concerts and launch parties. 4. What advice do you give to someone interested in becoming a Newspaper Columnist? Â  I always say: write about what you know. Do not pretend to know about something. Your greatest resource is your mind. Do not try to write something that will require you to start from scratch. 5. What is the one thing you wish someone would have told you BEFORE you pursued and accepted your current position? I wish someone had told me that being a Newspaper Columnist would mean losing your anonymity, and that you have to learn how to deal with that. Also, I wish somebody told me that I have to be careful with what I write, unless I want to ruffle some feathers.

Innovation At Airline Industry In India Management Essay

Innovation At Airline Industry In India Management Essay ABSTRACT Innovation can be the introduction of improved goods or services through the enhancement in attributes. According to a 2007 National Knowledge Commission report on Innovation in India 17 percent of the large firms rank Innovation as the top strategic priority and 75 percent rank it among the top 3 priorities. Service innovation can occur through an offering not previously available to a firms customers resulting from additions to the service concept (Menor et al., 2002). Several service industries have seen a surge in competition due to innovation schemes, and airlines are no exception. Although the main service provided by airlines is transport, considerable innovations have taken place to make it a profitable proposition. While considerable literature is available specifically on Innovation, this paper is an attempt to develop an understanding on Innovation in an emerging market like India, implications for airline services and impact of Low Cost Carriers on the competition landscape. Keywords: Innovation, Airline Industry in India, Low-Cost Carrier Model INTRODUCTION In creating competitiveness, the most important dimension is imagination. The Economist, in an article on 4th December, 1999, pointed out why, in the global context, the bigger companies are afraid of the smaller companies. It said: Innovation has become the buzzword of American management. Firms have found that most of the things that can be outsourced or re-engineered and have been (worryingly, by their competitors as well) the stars of American business, tend today to be innovators such as Dell, Amazon, and Wal-Mart, which have produced ideas or products that have changed their industries. With liberalization and globalization, organizations are facing incessant change and competition. To sustain in this ever changing environment, it is imperative for organizations to innovate at every level, be it technology, processes, or products. Innovation has become an essential component of organization development. It initiates and focuses change in organizational action within the range of possibilities created by innovative potential. It is thus a strategic element of organizational survival and development. In todays environment, every business wants to be more creative in its thinking. According to a study, 75 percent of Chief Executive Officers of the fastest growing companies claim that their strongest competitive advantage is unique products and services and the distinct business processes that power them to market- innovation by another name (Smith, 2005). In another survey, Boston Consulting Group reported that 90 percent of organizations believed innovation to be a strategic priority for 2004 and beyond. Leading companies continuously seek out and institutionalize the insights and tools they would need if they were to stay at the leading edge and be top-rated stars in their sector. Some companies build enduring capacities for breakthrough innovation. The airline industry has been plagued by several factors such as overcapacity, commoditization of offerings, cut-throat rivalry exacerbated by the entry of low-cost carriers, and intermittent periods of disastrous under-performance (Costa et al., 2002). In 2006, the global airlines industry suffered a net loss of USD 500 million or 0.1 percent of revenues, accumulating net losses of USD 42 billion between 2001 and 2006 (International Air Transport Association, 2007). In 2007, the airline industry made a modest net profit of USD 5.6 billion on revenues of USD 490 billion, equivalent to less than 2 percent margin (International Air Transport Association, 2008). The outlook from 2008 onwards remains bleak. Not surprisingly, the industry is regularly rated as one of the worst performing industries in the Fortune Global 500 rankings (Heracleous Wirtz, 2009). WHAT IS INNOVATION? Innovation is an old but evolving phenomenon. And it has accelerated with the Industrial Revolution of the 21st century (Caraca et al., 2007). It may be defined as the process of bringing new problem-solving ideas into use (Glynn, 1996). It is an application of new ideas to the products, processes, or any other aspect of a firms activities. It is concerned with the process of commercializing or extracting value from ideas; and is in contrast with invention which need not be directly associated with commercialization. In economic terms, innovation can refer to technological advancement, or to the process by which companies create new economic value by using resources more effectively (Randolph, 2006). Innovation is a process by which organizations use their skills and resources to develop new goods and services or to develop new production techniques and operating systems so that they can better respond to the changing needs of the customer (Burgelman Maidique, 1988). Innovation is a specialized kind of change. It is a new idea applied to initiating or improving a product, process, or service (Van de Ven, 1986). Bubner (2001) defines innovation in organizations as a series of processes that are designed and managed to create and apply ideas and knowledge, directed at value creation, and capture and lead to new and different products or services, processes, technologies, ventures, and business systems. His assertion is that innovation is a process and not an object or an outcome and hence, it refers to both ideas and knowledge. All innovations involve change, but all changes do not necessarily involve innovation. All organizations should innovate as innovations can result in spectacular success for an organization. Apple Computers changed the face of the computer industry when it introduced its personal computer. Honda changed the face of the small motor bike market when it introduced small 50 cc motorcycles. Toyota revolutionized the car production system to increase product quality. The importance of innovation is increasing through shorter product life cycles, increased competition, changing customer behaviour, and technological progress (Leimeister Glauner, 2008). If Innovation becomes successful, it can drastically change the organization. But, it also involves a high level of risk because the outcome of research and development activities is often uncertain. Most innovations are costly and the cost of faulty assessment of innovation may prove to be fatal for the organization. Therefore, the organization needs to weigh each idea carefully. Of all kinds of revolutionary change, innovations have the best prospects for long term success but also greatest risks. Therefore, the way in which organizations can stimulate innovation, and can manage the innovation process to increase the chance of successful learning taking place is very important. Service industries are sometimes characterized as low-value, low-skill sectors that do little to advance the economys competitive position. The service sector, of course, encompasses a broad range of highly diversified activities (Gellatly Peters, 1999). Some innovations involve new products; others involve new processes (Baldwin Gellatly, 1998). The fact that a firm claimed to have innovated need not mean it developed its own innovation(s). According to a study of innovators (Howells Tether, 2004), about half the firms claimed that they had mainly developed their own innovations, with a third declaring the innovations were developed jointly with others, and about a fifth admitting they were mainly developed by others. These proportions differed significantly between sectors, with the external development of innovations being most common in transport services. Innovation is the successful exploitation of new ideas. Firms innovate in order to gain an advantage over competitors, perhaps by becoming more cost-efficient, by tailoring products to meet unique customer requirements, or by improving access to service in remote areas (Gellatly Peters, 1999). This applies to all firms in the economy and is equally relevant to innovation in the airline industry (Xinhui, 2008). Although the main service provided by airlines is transport, considerable innovations have taken place to make it a profitable proposition. Stiff competition has made innovation as an everyday occurrence, and has resulted in the emergence of Low-Cost Carrier (LCC) model. These cheap, no frill carriers (Ryanair, EasyJet) have revolutionized the airline industry, making air travel affordable for all and forcing the established carriers to reengineer their operations. The LCC model has surely been one of the most successful things to happen in the airline industry. Innovation is particularly important for airline services, as one of the key features of successful experiences is considered to be continuous renewal or refreshment of the experience to keep exceeding customer expectations. The first LCC to rival major carriers was Southwest in the United States of America. Introduced in 1971, it implemented the low-cost model comprising low fares, high frequency service, no free food on board, no assignment of seat during check-in; and flights to secondary airports (Anon, 2006). However, it was in 1990s that the European airlines started to catch up when EasyJet and Ryanair entered the market. After this time, there was a surge of competition as LCCs became a common phenomenon. Air travel had been synonymous with luxury and catered to upper class of the society but this was redefined by the low-cost airline model, because one key objective of low-cost carriers has been to increase their reach to a larger segment and provide services at an affordable rate.   INNOVATION- AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE Indias recent growth has been impressive, with real GDP rising by over 8 percent a year since 2004; accompanied by an increase in innovative activities. Growth has been driven by rapid expansion in export-oriented, skill-intensive manufacturing and, especially, skill-intensive services. The literature on Innovation in India has largely been silent on the specific experiences of the services sector with Innovation. With the changing composition of the Indian economic growth to be increasingly services led, National Knowledge Commission sees Innovation playing a crucial role in this growth. Today, India is acknowledged as an innovator at a global scale particularly for services. However, there is heterogeneity in the Indian economy and therefore innovation in Indian context demands a broader definition of innovation. This definition could refer to innovation that distinguishes between new to the world innovation (creation and commercialization), new to the market knowledge (diffusion and absorption), and explicit promotion of innovation to reduce poverty (inclusive innovation).   India is emerging as a global hub of Innovation. Recent acquisitions by Indian companies in the global market also signify an increasing trend in Indian companies to leverage the various possibilities of Innovation that the global market offers. The inherent reasons for Indias innovative activity are the existence of an open society, a technology base, democracy, diversity, an environment that allows experimentation, a vibrant capital market, availability of young population necessary as huma n capital to fully reap the demographic dividend, full and free competition in the private sector, opportunities for technological leapfrogging as well as the availability of necessary infrastructure. AIRLINE INDUSTRY IN INDIA The history of Civil Aviation in India started with its first commercial flight on February 18, 1911. In December 1912, the first domestic air route was opened between Delhi and Karachi by the Indian State Air Services (in collaboration with Imperial Airways of the UK). This marked a new beginning in India. Three years later, Tata Sons started a regular airmail service between Karachi and Madras. At that time, there were a few transport companies operating within and also beyond the frontiers of the country, carrying both air cargo and passengers. Some of these were Tata Airlines, Indian National Airways, Air Service of India, Deccan Airways, Ambica Airways, Bharat Airways, and Mistry Airways. The Tata Airlines was converted into a public limited company in the year 1946 and renamed Air India Limited. In 1948 a joint sector company, Air India International was established by the Government of India and Air India, which was headed by J.R.D. Tata. In 1953, the Parliament passed the Air Corporation Act. Air India International and Indian Airlines Corporation came into formal existence and Air India International was nationalized. In 1991, the Indian economy began to liberalize. It became more open and market-oriented, and the process of deeper integration with the world economy had begun. These reforms were extended to the civil aviation sector in 1994 when the Air Corporations Act of 1953 was repealed. This enabled the entry of private carriers who could now offer scheduled services. The market did not grow large enough for all these players to compete. There was a shake-out and many airlines went bankrupt. Jet Airways and Sahara Airlines (which became Air Sahara in 2000) were the only surviving carriers (Natarajan Sridevi). These developments in Indian Airline Industry can be divided into three stages (Anon, 2009b): Stage I: Till mid 1990s Although several private players like Jet Airways, Air Sahara, ModiLuft, Damania Airways, NEPC Airlines, and East West Airlines entered the market, but still the primary motive was the protection of national airlines. Tremendous restrictions put on these carriers led to the collapse of the entire airlines industry. All the players died except Jet Airways and Air Sahara. Stage II: Period of Inaction (1995-2003) This was a period when no attention was given to the airline sector. It was marred by too many regulations and total neglect. Even national airlines faced the shortage of capital. Aircraft purchases of these flag carriers were suffering and at the same time there was no infrastructure development carried out. During this phase, Europe saw the emergence of low-cost carriers, which transformed the airline travel and initiated a period of traffic boom in other markets. This period was marked with a clear lack of strategic intent and this put India far behind the rest of the world. Stage III: Period of rapid action (2004 onwards) It was a period when the airline sector got the attention it deserved. Indias first low-cost, no frill carrier Air Deccan was allowed to start operations in South India. Kingfisher Airlines, SpiceJet, GoAir and Paramount Airways entered the industry. Open skies agreements were established with many countries allowing Indian carriers more access abroad. Now, aircraft carriers with a minimum of 5 years of operation and 20 aircrafts can operate on international routes. According to India Brand Equity Foundation (Anon, 2009a), the Indian aviation industry is one of the fastest growing aviation industries in the world having a growth rate of 18 percent per annum. The governments open sky policy has led to many overseas players entering the market and the industry has been growing both in terms of players and the number of aircrafts. Today, private airlines account for around 75 percent share of the domestic aviation market. India has jumped to 9th position in worlds aviation market from 12th in 2006. The scheduled domestic air services are now available from 82 airports as against 75 in 2006. LOW-COST CARRIERS (LCCS) IN INDIA In 1970s, the low-cost carrier model was introduced by Southwest Airlines, a major carrier in the United States. Later, in 1990s, this business model was introduced in Europe, and in India, the model was introduced in 2003 by Air Deccan. Much to the detriment of traditional network airlines in North America, Europe, and Asia, well-capitalized start-ups have entered the low-cost carrier market, and existing no-frills carriers have grown rapidly. These carriers are exploiting a powerful, previously-untapped market opportunity to leverage low unit costs to stimulate demand among more price-sensitive travellers with lower fares; and to seize market share from less agile competitors saddled with legacy labour and infrastructure costs. According to the IBM Business Consulting Services Report released in 2004, the LCC model has demonstrated its ability to consistently deliver operating margins exceeding those of full-service airlines. Even if they continue their downward trend toward Southwests long-term average of 10 to 15 percent, this remains an unreachable territory for the majors in all but the best years. Low-cost carriers have been able to demonstrate consistent profitability- 31 years of consecutive annual profits for Southwest, 13 for Ryanair, 6 for EasyJet, and 3 each for both JetBlue and Virgin Blue. Until about a few years ago, there were only three scheduled domestic carriers in India- Jet Airways, Indian Airlines, and Air Sahara. Then, on August 25, 2003, Indias first low-cost airline, Air Deccan started service with its maiden flight between Bangalore and Hubli. It was launched by Gorur Ramaswamy Gopinath, an ex-Army officer who ran Deccan Aviation Private Limited, Indias largest private heli-charter company. Deccan Aviation did reasonably well in selling the concept of chartering private helicopters as a means of transportation, and had built a reputation for providing speedy and reliable heli-services for company charters, tourism, medical evacuation, and off-shore logistics. Gopinath launched the airline with a clear focus: offer rock-bottom fares, fly to every destination possible (including Kandla, Pathankot, Tuticorin, Vijaynagar, Raipur), and make the common man fly (Chowdhury, 2008). Within three years, Deccan covered 65 airports, was operating 350 flights a day with 43 aircraft, and had captured 20 percent of the market. On board the Air Deccan flights, food was not free and travellers had to pay for their meals. The tickets did not carry seat numbers, so those who came first could opt for the best seats. The inaugural fare for the Delhi-Bangalore route was 30 percent less than those offered by its rivals such as Indian Airlines, Air Sahara, and Jet Airways on the same route. The cheap tickets became the unique selling proposition and the fares offered were half of what were offered by all its competitors. The travellers had never seen such low fares before and as a result, air travel started to be looked upon as a substitute to train travel. But, other carriers including Jet publicly declared that the low-cost model was sure to fail. Unlike the United States and Europe, India did not have separate low-cost airports with cheaper landing and parking charges, which are essential to cut costs. Another argument these airlines gave was that cutting out on meals would save some money, but not enough to off er such low prices and still make money. Later in 2007, Jet acquired Air Sahara for Rs 1450 crore and turned it into a value carrier called JetLite. It further went on to launch a new all-economy, no-frill service called JetKonnect which was another low-cost service with low-cost fares. The services were the same except that no food was served on flight. In 2008, Kingfisher Airlines, which had positioned itself as a premium service provider, bought Air Deccan and renamed it as Kingfisher Red; thus retaining its low-cost identity. The success of Air Deccan spurred the entry of more than a dozen low-cost airlines in India, including Kingfisher Airlines, SpiceJet, GoAir, Paramount Airways, and IndiGo. RIVALS AS PARTNERS- MERGER OF AIR DECCAN AND KINGFISHER A wholly owned subsidiary of Deccan Aviation, Air Deccan, is considered to be Indias first low-cost carrier. It had a vision to enable every Indian to fly and adopted the mascot of the common man of Cartoonist Laxman. The common man identity represented the airlines simple and no frills approach. Tata Motors recently created a stir in the Automobile industry by launching Nano; the worlds cheapest car, priced at USD 2500. Air Deccan did a similar thing long before, by revamping the Aviation industry in India and shifting people from rail travel to air travel. This was made easy by the drastic reduction in prices of air tickets and introduction of a new segment of travellers, the first time travellers. Air Deccan airlines merged with Kingfisher Airlines and decided to operate as a single entity from April, 2008. This came to be known by the name Kingfisher Aviation and Air Deccan after merger with Kingfisher came to be known as Kingfisher Red.   The merger was based on recommendations of Accenture, the global consulting firm. KPMG was asked to do the valuation and the swap ratio was decided accordingly. The merger came through as Vijay Mallya from Kingfisher airlines bought 26 percent of the stake in Air Deccan. The unification of the two carriers had to be sanctioned not only by the two panels, but also by the institutional investors, independent directors, and other shareholders. After the merger, the company had a combined fleet of 71 aircrafts, connected 70 destinations, and operated 550 flights in a day. The combined entity had a market share of 33 percent. Gopinath continued as the Executive Chairman and Mallya took charge as Vice Chairman. The charter service of the respective airlines was hived off and operated as a separate entity. Post merger, Kingfisher would operate as a single largest (private) airline in the sub-continent. Besides, operational synergies (engineering, inventory management and ground handling services, maintenance, and overhaul), the management, and staff of both the airlines would be integrated. They would be stronger vis-à  -vis lesser aircraft manufacturers (Airbus in this case), and will also spend less on training and employees. Costs associated with maintenance of aircraft would also reduce. The savings in cost would be lower by about 4-5 percent (Rs 300 crores), which is a large sum. It would result in a saving of 3 billion in the first year itself through the sharing of aircraft and workers. Further, by devising a more optimal routing strategy it could help in rationalizing the fares. Before the merger, Air Deccan recorded a net loss of Rs 213.17 crores on revenue of Rs 437.82 crores for 2006-07. FUTURE OF LOW-COST CARRIERS As the profits of traditional carriers evaporate, so does their ability to invest in the next generation of aircrafts and systems that might go some way to helping them out of their misery by providing lower running costs as well as a better experience for passengers. By contrast, low-cost carriers know exactly what they are offering and to whom. They know their customers are willing to forgo the traditional frills of flying in exchange for a much cheaper ticket (Manning, 2006). The scenario where the consumer was the king with fares hitting a new low everyday while the airlines continued to incur losses has changed over the past year. Despite the bullish traffic growth estimates for India, past experiences suggest that it is extremely difficult for a market to absorb as many new entrants as the sector was witnessing in India (Shukla, 2007). The first mover advantage enjoyed by Air Deccan was short-lived, and soon several carriers emerged. But, the costs for their management increased due to the poor airport infrastructure and manpower shortage. The real trigger for the consolidation process for airlines came after the acquisition of Air Sahara by Jet Airways. According to the Centre for Asia and Pacific Aviations (CAPA) India unit, India is potentially a ten airline market, consisting of two-three full service carriers, two-three large national low-cost carriers operating a fleet of more than 70 aircraft each, and three-four niche regional operators with aircraft of less than 80 seats. The growth that the sector will see in near future will come from International routes. Airlines in India are bound by limitations as to where they can fly within the country. There are a few big airports which can handle Boeing 737s and Airbus A320s. For the smaller airports, aircraft like the turboprops or the regional jets make sense and the key metro routes like Mumbai-Delhi are already saturated. On the other hand, airlines can command better realizations and margins on international routes. International traffic will grow at a rate of 15 percent till the end of this decade. Domestic traffic is expected to grow at a higher rate and is expected to grow between 25 to 30 percent per annum. With Air Deccans low-cost strategy experience having seen results, the concept is seen as a strategy that will work in the Indian skies. Jet Airways developed JetLite (Air Sahara) as a value carrier with frills that offers low fares on some of its domestic routes. SpiceJet points out that the 15 percent of the cost savings for low-cost carriers come from utilizing the aircraft better compared to full service carriers and another 8 percent from cost-effective ticket distribution. All LCCs sell most of their tickets on the Internet and do not have to spend on providing commission to agents. In contrast, full-service carriers sell only 23-30 percent of their tickets online. LCCs are paranoid about their costs. While Kingfisher will shift some aircraft to Kingfisher Red, some of them will still have entertainment systems and other frills which will increase the weight of the aircraft and thereby the costs. IndiGo uses a lighter exterior paint to keep the weight of its aircraft as low as possible (Gupta and Chowdhury, 2009). The industry further forecasts that LCCs will have a market share of 70 percent by 2010, which would probably be the highest in the world. CONCLUSION Different low-cost airline operations around the world- Southwest Airlines in the United States, Ryanair in Europe, AirAsia in Malaysia, Gol in South America, and AirArabia in the United Arab Emirates; are not just a new business model, but a distinct structure of policies and procedures.  Typically, airlines are required to take a long-term investment approach and to place greater importance on the inherent loyalty benefits of a frequent flier program. Maintaining a competitive edge is also an early and important factor in the decision making process and is used to evaluate whether or not to launch a program (Sorensen, 2006). The influx of low-cost airlines across the globe has roiled the industry, and incumbents are scrambling to respond. In Asia, the most recent region to confront this disruption, new entrants and traditional carriers alike can profit from assessing the successes and failures of their North American and European counterparts. Clear success factors include an inn ovative customer experience, balanced growth, simplicity and efficiency from route structure to fare structure, and effective corporate governance. In a far more volatile environment than ever before, three new imperatives emerge for winning the airline margin game: refine the core value proposition, achieve a greater variable cost component, and improve infrastructure responsiveness. Every workers performance is affected by the constant interplay of perceptions, emotions, and motivations, which is triggered by everyday events though; it remains elusive and invisible to management. Nowadays, all companies talk about innovation, and the importance of doing innovation, many actually try to do it, and only a few actually succeed in doing it. The success of companies is based on creating a culture of innovation, developing structures, and human resource pool necessary to support, and nourish a climate of creativity and innovation, and above all, bench marking the best innovative practices to gain competitive edge in the market place. Organizations should understand by now that the skills of human resources and the motivational level make possible involvement of people, creative suggestions, different proposals, and research activities to build up innovations. Low-cost carriers are shedding their no frills personalities and are adding amenities as competition increases with established airlines and even other LCCs. These airlines are reaching out to capture business travellers with services normally associated with legacy airlines. These added value services include premium cabins, seat assignments, airport lounges, meal service, and frequent flier programs. Other regions of the world, where the LCC phenomenon is in its infancy, show less loyalty marketing activity. Most frequent flier programs begin as a cost centre for the airline. The expense of developing and operating programs will initially exceed the partner revenues generated by a just-launched program. Surprises do exist in the marketplace and LCCs can sometimes negotiate attractive signing bonuses with banks wishing to secure a co-branded relationship with a growing airline. The Indian Civil Aviation market grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18 percent, and was worth USD 5.6 billion in 2008. The Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation forecasted that domestic traffic will increase by 25 percent to 30 percent till 2010 and international traffic growth by 15 percent, taking the total market to more than 100 million passengers by 2010. By 2020, Indian airports are expected to handle more than 100 million passengers including 60 million domestic passengers and around 3.4 million tonnes of cargo per annum. Moreover, significant measures to propel growth in the civil aviation sector are on the anvil. The government plans to invest USD 9 billion to modernize existing airports by 2010. The government is also planning to develop around 300 unused airstrips. The success of LCCs depends on the formula of innovation, adaptation, and flexibility. The low-cost carriers are developing outside the traditional view of what a low-cost carrier should look like. Some are of the view that the changes taking place act as a sign that this model has run its course. However, extending the geographic reach and expanding diversity of this model is a sign of strength. It is a step forward in the transformation from a closed, one-dimensional industry to an open, competitive multi-dimensional industry.

The Poetry of Judith Wright Essay -- Judith Wright Poems compare Contr

The Poetry of Judith Wright Abstract This report discusses the influences of Australia as well as the universal impact on the poetry of Judith Wright. It contains an evaluation of both the techniques and the "plot" behind the poems "Remittance Man, "South of My Days" and "Eve to her Daughters" as well as a comparison between the three poems. Australia, as Wright ¡Ã‚ ¦s homeland, has had a significant effect on the content of her poems but references to English scenes are also consistent as well as general references to the universal world. Eve to Her Daughters. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poem Summary The poem  ¡Ã‚ ¥Eve to Her Daughters ¡Ã‚ ¦ tells of original sin and gives advice to the women (her daughters) of today from Eve regarding men. The first stanza describes the consequences of the fall but Eve ¡Ã‚ ¦s acceptance of it. The second and third stanzas describe Adam ¡Ã‚ ¦s rebellion against the punishment and the  ¡Ã‚ §insult ¡K the trick They had played on us ¡Ã‚ ¨,  ¡Ã‚ ¥They ¡Ã‚ ¦ being God and Satan whom Adam has grouped together as a united opposition. Adam was discontent with the new life and strove to build a new Eden and put God  ¡Ã‚ ¥out of business ¡Ã‚ ¦. The third and fourth stanzas tell the audience about Adam ¡Ã‚ ¦s attempt to understand how the world works and to disprove God ¡Ã‚ ¦s existence. In his quest to unravel everything he decides that if it  ¡Ã‚ §cannot be demonstrated [it] does not exist ¡Ã‚ ¨. In this process he proves that humans themselves cannot exist and  ¡Ã‚ §refuses to accept the conclusion ¡Ã‚ ¨. The conclusion of the poem is in a sarcastic tone as a final message to Eve ¡Ã‚ ¦s  ¡Ã‚ ¥daughters ¡Ã‚ ¦ that everybody has faults and they always work out. She suggests that Adam is too stubborn to accept this and through this he has turned himself into a shapeless enigma that  ¡Ã‚ §doesn ¡Ã‚ ¦t exist. ¡Ã‚ ¨ ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Universal References The biblical references to Eve, Adam, Abel and Cain, as well as God and Satan are not linked to Judith Wright ¡Ã‚ ¦s homeland or any country in particular but in particular her Christian upbringing. The poem reflects feminist ideas as many of her poems do and also encourage thought by including hidden questions within the poem to challenge her audience. In the third stanza there is mentioned a number of ideals that modern people are striving for such as  ¡Ã‚ §multiplied opportunities for safe investment and higher education ¡Ã‚ ¨ as well as advanced technologies and communications. This stanza has ... ...  Ã‚  Australian References The very first line of  ¡Ã‚ §South of my Days ¡Ã‚ ¨ tells us that the poem is about Australia as it is Judith Wright ¡Ã‚ ¦s home country ( ¡Ã‚ §part of my blood ¡Ã‚ ¦s country ¡Ã‚ ¨). The  ¡Ã‚ §tableland ¡Ã‚ ¨ described in lines 2 and 3 are distinctly Australian as well as the trees mentioned in line 4. In stanza 2 the use of the word  ¡Ã‚ §yarn ¡Ã‚ ¨ is also Australian. Stanza 3 is one of  ¡Ã‚ §Old Dan ¡Ã‚ ¦s ¡Ã‚ ¨ stories about a cattle muster, another distinct Australian reference especially with the inclusion of a drought mentioned and the Hunter Valley. Stanza 4 is another story containing references to particular places such as Tamworth and the Bogongs, as well as specific references to Australian legends such as the Cobb & Co. mail service and Captain Thunderbolt the bushranger, all of which are uniquely Australian. Conclusion The balance between Australia and the universal in the poetry of Judith Wright is fairly even though it does lean more towards Australian poetry. The main references in her poetry are towards England, Australia and the Bible, all of which she had grown up with and had obvious strong influences on her. The love of her country Australia is evident in many of her poems.

Biotechnology :: essays research papers

#1. a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Use of a Bacterial Plasmid to Clone and Sequence a Human Gene The process begins with restriction endonucleases scanning and binding to double-stranded DNA at specific base-pair sequences, the recognition sites, in a predictable manner. The restriction sites are usually 4 to 8 base pairs long and are characterized by the palindromic sequences, with both strands having the same sequence when read in opposite direction. After the restriction endonuclease binds, it starts to disrupt, using hydrolysis, the phosphodiester bonds between neighbor nucleotides, causing the H-bonds between base pairs in the cutting region to be broken. This cuts the original double-stranded DNA strand, producing two DNA fragments, which may differ for different restriction endonucleases, depending on where the phosphodiester bond is broken when cut by the endonuclease. This process can produce either blunt ends (where ends of the DNA fragment are fully paired with no overhangs), or sticky ends (where both DNA fragments have nucleotides lacking complementary bases and ove rhangs are produced). However, sticky ends are more useful for genetic engineering. The next step, gel electrophoresis, separates the gene that has been excised, from the unwanted fragments taking advantage of chemical and physical properties of DNA. The DNA fragments travel through gel as a result of charge passed through it causing the longer fragments to separate from shorter ones, which helps in identifying gene and makes it easier to cut it out from the gel. The DNA fragment with the desired gene is, therefore, excised and purified. The same restriction endonuclease, that is used to cut the original DNA strand, then splices this gene into a plasmid (small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria). Because the plasmid and the foreign gene are cut by the same restriction endonuclease, the sticky ends formed, are complementary and anneal to each other forming H-bonds. The DNA ligase reforms the phosphodiester bonds, after which, the recombinant plasmid with the foreign DNA, is in troduced into the bacterial cell, in the process of transformation, and replicates to form clones (exact copies of itself). Overall, this technique of altering sequence of DNA molecules became very useful for many reasons, one of which is production of hormones. Hormones such as insulin and somatropin, were produced by inserting a gene into a plasmid, and became essential hormones in medical practice. In this process, the needed human genes were incorporated into plasmids and activated or inactivated when needed, using specific inducers for promoter regions.

Womens Issues and Multiculturalism Essays -- Feminist Feminism Cultur

Women's Issues and Multiculturalism ABSTRACT: In part one of this paper, I offer a description of the main versions of multiculturalism, with its liberal interpretation among them. In part two, I give an outline of the changes that have taken place in women's social status in the course of history and of the various stages of their emancipation process. In the third part I examine the relationship between multiculturalism and women's issues in general. Finally, I explore the same in Hungary, and attempt to draw some general consequences. Does a minority group (e.g., Gypsies in Hungary) in a multicultural society have the right to maintain their traditional patriarchal culture? I argue that the liberation of women is not a "women's issue"; it is part of the persistent enforcement of human rights. My address is divided into four parts. In the first part I offer a description of the main versions of multiculturalism, with its liberal interpretation among them. In the second part I shall give an outline of the changes that have taken place in women's social status in the course of history and of the various stages of their emancipation process. In the third part I examine the relationship between multiculturalism and women's issues in general. Finally, in the fourth part I explore the same in Hungary, and attempt at drawing some general consequences. (I) It is appropriate to distinguish between two types of multicultural societies-the traditional and the modern. In traditional societies, several ethnic groups may have lived together, which, despite their differences, basically belonged to the same civilisation. In countries which belong in the European civilisation, for instance, English and Scots, French and Bretons have li... ...oup have the right in a multicultural society to maintain their traditional patriarchal culture? Members of a minority group are as good citizens as those in the majority. They therefore have the same rights. However, they also have the same duties. Maintaining traditions that violate civil liberties is not to be tolerated. Preserving the mother tongue or cultivating the arts is one thing, wearing chador or clitoral circumcision is an entirely different matter. If the female members of a minority group undertake to follow such traditions of their own will, they are similar to members of such sects as may go as far as committing collective suicide. In the majority of cases, however, coercion of some sort is present. The liberation of women, therefore, is in the spirit of the modern world not a 'women's issue'; it is part of the persistent enforcement of human rights.

Vip Ltd. Industry : Moulded Luggage

JV CAPITAL SERVICES PVT. LTD www. sharetrading. in VIP LTD. INDUSTRY : MOULDED LUGGAGE NSE Symbol : VIPIND CMP 115 RISK PROFILE: MEDIUM BUY TARGET 210 Key Data : 52 week H/L : Market Cap (Rs Cr. ) : Face Value : Beta : P/E : Div % : BV : PBV : (Source : Company) 294/32 314 10 0. 92 26 0. 87 48. 9 2. 3 VIP Industries is engaged in the travel product business. The Company operates in two business segments: luggage & accessories and furniture. The products manufactured by the Company includes plastic moulded suitcase, plastic moulded briefcase and vanity case.The Company’s portfolio of brands includes V. I. P. , Carlton, Delsey, Footloose, Alfa, Aristocrat and Skybags. The Company’s subsidiaries include Carlton Travel Goods Ltd. and Blow Plast Retail Ltd. INVESTMENT RATIONALE Despite the slowdown in the global trends of economy, the luggage markets performed flat. VIP Industries is the largest player in Indian luggage market. One of the large segment of Indian luggage mark et is the canteen Store Department (CSD). VIP luggage continues to enjoy a prominent position and is one of the most respected brands in CSD.Apart from the domestic market, the company also exports sizeable quantity of luggage to Europe & gulf and has presence in Africa & many other countries. With a view to expand and to access the international markets, the company during FY09 has set up a wholly owned subsidiary in UK. The company has also acquired the well known international luggage brand ‘CARLTON’. These developments are expected to augment export sales of the company significantly. The company has been focusing on creating exclusive outlets to increase market share.Share Holding Pattern (%): 35. 73 % 43. 44 % VALUATION: 12. 90 % 0. 97% 6. 96% Promoters DIIs Others FIIs corporates Relative Performance Analysis: SENSEX VIP IND We are cautiously optimistic for the moulded furniture segment of the company. In case of luggage segment the management of VIP is very posi tive. The product portfolio of the company has been widened by introducing new products which offers good growth prospects. In FY08, earnings of the company have decreased. Revenues reflect a decrease in income from operation.Net loss reflects higher administrative, selling and other expenses with increased extraordinary items expenses. Currently the company is trading at a P/E 14. 14x of CY09 EPS. Albeit the price earning ratio of the company is high, we maintain a ‘BUY’ on the stock as it is in an expansion mode with a promising business model. (Rs cr) Financial Summary Year Net Sales Total Expenses PAT EPS FY2005 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 (Source : JVCS RESEARCH) 297 329 557 544 272 303 404 504 7. 27 7. 9 22 14 4. 73 4. 94 5. 20 6. 60 SEPTEMBER 02’2009 JV CAPITAL SERVICES VIP LTD. INDUSTRY PROFILEIndian Luggage industry is currently undergoing a consolidation phase. The luggage market comprises of three segments: the premium segment with 15% of total market share, the popular segment and the standard segment. VIP Industries is the most dominant player in the premium segment with a market share of 44% in popular segment The luggage market is dominated by the unorganized sector with 5% market share. Northern & western India are the biggest markets in the industry. The organized sector (8%) is growing at lesser pace when compared to the unorganized sector (25%) 50 200 150 100 50 0 I nde x e d Sa l e s Tr e nds BUSINESS UPDATES: In the moulded furniture segment, VIP industries enjoys a small market share, where the company has a huge potential to grow in this business. The company is now able to get the orders from Pune and is able to successfully execute the same in time. During the year, VIP industries has strengthened its distribution hold by significantly increasing its market presence through opening of new shops for Aristocrat & Alfa Brands across the countries. This will significantly contribute in the balance sheets of the company.J u n à ¢â‚¬â€œ 08 M a r – 08 D e c – 08 M a r – 09 S e p – 08 J u n – 09 FINANCIAL FORECAST: (Rs cr) Earning Estimates Particulars Mar ‘09 June’09 117 118 8. 5 3. 6 4. 30 -0. 3 1. 0 0. 34 205 172 32 4. 2 29. 9 5. 6 20. 1 7. 10 Sep’09E 112 102 11 4. 0 10 -. 7 4. 9 1. 6 Dec’09E 151 129 24 3. 0 25 4. 8 12. 8 5. 1 25 20 15 10 5 0 I nd e x e d Pr o fi t Tr e nds Net Sales Total Expenditure PBIDT Depreciation PBT 08 08 ar -0 -0 ar -0 n- p- D ec Ju M Se M Ju n- 09 -5 Tax PAT EPS (Source : JVCS RESEARCH) 8 20 10 0 8 9 †¢ 08 08 ar -0 -0 ar -0 n- p- D ec JuSe Ju n- 09 – 10 8 8 9 In Q1FY10, the company has posted a turnaround result for the quarter. Net profit for the quarter under review clocked at Rs20cr compared to Rs 1cr only. Healthy performance was due to spurted growth in operating profit by 640bps to 10. 4% % 33% fall in interest cost. During H1CY09, the company has launched school bags section priced range between Rs 3 00 & Rs 900 and it aims to sell 70000 bags by the end of FY10. The company is planning to expand its retail network in FY10 as the rentals have touched almost bottom.To grab the change in consumer trend, the company has launched two models with different ranges in hard luggage system. VIP has slashed prices following the decline in prices of raw materials. †¢ Operating Margin Net Margin M M JV CAPITAL SERVICES VIP LTD. OUTLOOK The luggage industry is expected to grow in the current scenario with the factors like: †¢ †¢ Improved travels on month on month basis, passengers carried by various domestic airlines grew by 27% Introduction of new lighter hard luggage with using polycarbonate as basic input. RISK & CONCERNSA major area of concern for the company is its dependence on China to produce most of the soft luggage. The recent changes in the economic scenario in the world along with the new labour regulations in China and the slowdown of production in China poses a mi x of opportunity in terms of reduction of rates but also the threat of rate increases. For hard luggage, the prices of major raw materials have come down in the last quarter thereby the company may get the cost advantage with more scope of better margins. RECOMMENDATION: Currently the stock is trading at a P/E of 14. 9x with an EPS of 8. 10, we maintain a buy on the stock. EPS for CY09 is expected to Rs 14. 19 as company returns back to profitability. Taking the historical P/E of 15x, we arrive at a price target of Rs 212 for a time horizon of 610 months. The price volume trend analysis depicts that the stock is moving in some strong hands. Increasing volumes by major institutional investors gives a clean picture of their keen interest in VIP Industries hence we expect the stock to give handsome returns of more than 80% in next 6 months. JV CAPITAL SERVICES VIP LTD.Research Desk Sajiv Dhawan Ashit Suri Sanjeev Kapoor Narendra Singh Rajeev Kumar Satyendra Singh Bijaya Swain General E nquiries Managing Director Head of Research Trading Desk Trading Desk Trading Desk Back Office Accounts Dept Tel: 011- 41654860 [email  protected] com [email  protected] com 011-41654860 011-41654861 011-41654862 [email  protected] com 011-41654874 / 75 [email  protected] com RISK PROFILE: Low Risk: Fundamentally Sound companies, with low beta. Expected market out-performance is 0—10% Medium Risk: Expected market out-performance is 10-20%.Preferably for the Investors with a maximum time frame of 6 months. High Risk: High Beta Stocks, expected market out-performance is more than 20%, Preferably for the investors willing to take advantage of market momentum and are aggressive in nature. Disclaimer Appendix This document has been prepared by the Research Desk of M/s JV Capital Services Pvt. Ltd and is meant for use of the recipient Ltd. only and is not for circulation. This document is not to be reported or copied or made available to others. It should not be considered to be taken as an offer to sell or a solicitation to support any security.The information contained herein is obtained and collated from sources believed reliable and we do not represent it as accurate or complete and it should not be relied upon as such. The opinion expressed or estimates made are as per the best judgment as applicable at that point of time and are subject to change without any notice. JVCS Pvt. Ltd. along with its associated companies/ officers/employees may or may not, have positions in, or support and sell securities referred to herein. Investors are advised to maintain strict stop loss. JV CAPITAL SERVICES

Causes of Food Allergy

What Causes Food Allergy? Food allergies occur when the immune system mounts an attack on certain proteins in certain foods. The substances in the food that cause this immune system response are called allergens. The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that help defend the body against unknown substances. When a properly functioning immune system detects an unknown substance, it responds to this threat by producing proteins called antibodies against the invaders. The antibodies will recognize and attack this foreign substance when they next encounter it.This â€Å"battle† is what causes the allergy symptoms. In food allergy the immune system mistakenly sees a harmless substance in the food as harmful, and churns out antibodies known as immunoglobulin to attack it. These antibodies will circulate in the blood, attached to special cells called mast cells, which are part of the immune system. This occurs in order to protect against future invasion by that su bstance. The next time a person eats that food, the substance to which he is allergic the allergen enters the body, and attaches to the immunoglobulin on mast cells.The mast cells respond by releasing a host of powerful chemicals, including histamine, to protect the body. This produces allergic symptoms. Histamine contributes to inflammation and causes symptoms such as swelling on the skin and itching. It is responsible for the hives, or welts, that appear on the skin when a doctor tests for allergy. These hives show the presence of immunoglobulin and are one of the best indications of allergy. What are the Symptoms of Food Allergy? In an allergy attack, the symptoms experienced depend on where in the body histamine is released.Allergic reactions to foods most often involve the skin, the stomach and intestines, and the mouth and the respiratory system. A life threatening reaction may involve all parts of the body including the cardiovascular system so that the individual goes into s hock this will lead to blood pressure to fall dangerously low. A severe reaction could start very suddenly and involve only a fall in blood pressure or shock. It is important to know that a life threatening reaction may occur with no skin symptoms. Symptoms may appear within minutes or as long as several hours after eating the allergy provoking food.An allergy reaction in the skin may cause hives, itchy, scaly rash called eczema, redness or flushing, and swelling. In the digestive system an allergy reaction may cause stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. An the common respiratory symptoms from an allergic reaction may include sneezing, coughing, runny nose, wheezing, closing of the throat and breathing difficulties, as part of a severe allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis and, itchy, watery eyes are often included with respiratory symptoms. Life-Threatening Reactions (Anaphylaxis)The most severe allergic reaction is anaphylaxis, or anaphylactic shock, a severe reaction tha t involves most of the body. Anaphylaxis can affect several parts of the body at the same time, including the skin and the digestive and respiratory systems or it might just involve respiratory or cardiovascular symptoms. In addition to producing the symptoms of food allergy, it may also lead to difficulty in breathing, falling blood pressure and unconsciousness. Although very rare, anaphylaxis can be fatal. Each year, about 150 people in the United States die of food-related anaphylaxis.Which Foods Cause Allergic Reactions? Virtually any food can trigger an allergic response. However, studies have found that 80 to 90 percent of children with food allergies are allergic to one or more of these foods for example eggs, peanuts, milk, wheat, and soy. Other common triggers include tree nuts such as almonds, pecans, cashews, Brazil nuts and walnuts, and fish and shellfish for example, crab and shrimp. Various other foods and certain food additives and spices may cause allergic reactions. Cross ReactionsSometimes, an individual's allergic reaction to a particular food extends to other foods that contain similar allergens, a phenomenon called cross reactivity. For example, someone who is allergic to peanuts may also have a problem with other legumes, such as soybeans or peas. However, it may be surprising to know that the vast majority of food allergic individuals rarely react to other legumes. In fact, more peanut allergic children seem to be allergic to eggs or tree nuts than to other legumes. Cross reactions can develop between foods with allergens similar to those of other allergy provoking substances, such as plant pollens.Researchers have found, for example, that some people who suffer hay fever symptoms when they inhale birch pollen also have an allergic reaction when they eat kiwi fruit or apples. How do u find out if u have Food Allergies? If you think you have food allergies, you should see an allergist, a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treatin g allergies. If you try to diagnose the problem yourself, you run the risk of removing too many foods from your diet and losing important nutrients. Before making a diagnosis, an allergist will take your medical history and ask whether you have a family history of allergies.The doctor will ask detailed questions aimed at uncovering a possible relationship between the symptoms and your diet, such as, what kinds of symptoms does the suspected food or foods produce? How much time elapses between eating the food and the onset of symptoms? How much of the food do you have to eat to trigger a reaction? How many times has eating the food caused a reaction? When was the last time you had a reaction to the food? These are several questions that the doctor will ask. Controversial Tests and TreatmentsThere are some questionable practices for diagnosis and treatment of food allergies. Tests that are not scientifically valid and are considered experimental including, Blood tests that determine f ood immune complexes and IgG food antibodies. This tests measure substances that all normal people have in their blood. Food immune complexes form after food digestion. IgG includes most of the protective antibodies, including those that form when you receive a vaccine or after an infection. It is unclear whether people with allergies make abnormal amounts of these substances.Cytotoxic test, this test involves adding a food allergen to someone's blood sample and examining the reaction of white blood cells under a microscope. If the cells change shape, decrease or die, the person is thought to be allergic to that food. No proof exists that this test is effective for diagnosing food allergy. Provocation and neutralization, in the subcutaneous under the skin form of this test, a food extract is injected under the skin. In the sublingual under the tongue form, the food extract is placed under the person's tongue.If the person has an allergic reaction, he or she receives more of the subs tance. The belief is that the second dose neutralizes, or relieves, the symptoms. In reality, it can cause a severe allergic reaction. Some doctors use provocation and neutralization to try to desensitize allergic people to foods. But the technique has been found to be ineffective for both diagnosis and treatment of allergies. How to Cope With Food Allergy Most people with food allergies will be put on an elimination diet one from which foods suspected of causing an allergic reaction are removed.It may be difficult to stop eating some foods, such as those made with wheat or milk. Fortunately, there are many foods on the market that substitute for the more common allergy provoking foods. Creating a Food Plan For help in restricting your diet after a food allergy diagnosis, consult your doctor or a registered dietitian. Dietitians can help design a food plan, suggest alternative foods or ingredients to replace forbidden ones, and provide instruction on reading food labels. You may fin d it helpful to use an allergy free cookbook, which gives recipes that omit common food allergens.Prepared allergen free items, such as rice bread and soy beverages, are available at health food stores and some grocery stores. It is not always possible to avoid the offending food. Your physician may give you medication to treat symptoms resulting from food allergies. Avoiding Accidental Ingestion Despite precautions, people with histories of food reactions sometimes unknowingly consume a food to which they are allergic. This can happen when the person is unaware of an ingredient in a dish someone else has prepared.Or perhaps the offending ingredient is not on the label or is expressed in a term that does not clearly describe the ingredient. People with severe food allergies need to be aware that tiny amounts of allergens left on pots, pans, and cooking utensils can contaminate other foods. To avoid this kind of danger, people with severe food allergies are advised to make certain th at pots, pans, and cooking utensils are carefully washed with soap and water after each use to remove any traces of forbidden foods.How Is Food Allergy Treated? Once an allergy is diagnosed, strict avoidance of the offending food or foods is the only proven method of managing the allergy. There is no medical cure for food allergy. However, within the next few years there will be safe and effective vaccines for food allergies. By strictly avoiding the food for one or two years, approximately one third of children and adults can lose their sensitivity to that food. But few children or adults outgrow their allergies to peanuts, tree nuts, and shellfish.Although there are no medications currently available to treat food allergies, there are drugs on the market to treat symptoms of food allergies. The proper treatment depends on the severity of the allergic reaction. Antihistamines can help control mild reactions. These drugs have side effects, however. Over the counter Antihistamines ca use drowsiness. Your doctor can prescribe an antihistamine that will not make you sleepy. Asthma medication can be useful for people who wheeze during an allergic reaction.In rare instances, food allergies may bring on an asthma attack. These attacks may be very severe. Epinephrine is used to treat anaphylaxis, a life threatening complication of food allergy. Doctors advise people with severe food allergies always to carry a self injecting device loaded with epinephrine or a kit containing a needle and syringe and to inject themselves at the first sign or symptoms. References (2005). Common food allergies. Cortlandt Forum, 18(11), 38-45. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.